15 40 to 44 500 4,166 6-pounder
pasavolante.
Media sacre 5 to 7 417 3,750 6-pounder
demisaker.
Sacre 7 to 10 9-pounder
saker.
Moyana 8 to 10 shorter than 9-pounder
saker moyenne.
Media
culebrina 10 to 18 833 5,000 12-pounder
demiculverin.
Tercio de
culebrina 14 to 22 18-pounder
third-culverin.
Culebrina 20, 24, 25, 30 to 32 1,742 6,666 24-pounder
culverin.
30, 40, 50
Culebrina
real 24 to 40 30 to 32 32-pounder
culverin royal.
Doble
culebrina 40 and up 30 to 32 48-pounder
culverin.

In view of the range Collado ascribes to the culverin, some remarks on
gun performances are in order. "Greatest random" was what the old-time
gunner called his maximum range, and random it was. Beyond point-blank
range, the gunner was never sure of hitting his target. So with
smoothbores, long range was never of great importance. Culverins, with
their thick walls, long bores, and heavy powder charges, achieved
distance; but second class guns like field "cannon," with less metal
and smaller charges, ranged about 1,600 yards at a maximum, while the
effective range was hardly more than 500. Heavier pieces, such as the
French 33-pounder battering cannon, might have a point-blank range of
720 yards; at 200-yard range its ball would penetrate from 12 to 24
feet of earthwork, depending on how "poor and hungry" the earth was.
At 130 yards a Dutch 48-pounder cannon put a ball 20 feet into a
strong earth rampart, while from 100 yards a 24-pounder siege cannon
would bury the ball 12 feet.

But generalizations on early cannon are difficult, for it is not easy
to find two "mathematicians" of the old days whose ordnance lists
agree. Spanish guns of the