Umbria, and another in Etruria.
Cicero, Aristotle, Strabonius, and Pliny all speak concerning this
subject. Martial and Tertullian noticed this anomaly among the Romans.
Aetius and Paulus Aegineta speak of females in Egypt with prolonged
clitorides which made them appear like hermaphrodites. Throughout the
Middle Ages we frequently find accounts, naturally exaggerated, of
double-sexed creatures. Harvey, Bartholinus, Paullini, Schenck, Wolff,
Wrisberg, Zacchias, Marcellus Donatus, Haller, Hufeland, de Graff, and
many others discuss hermaphroditism. Many classifications have been
given, as, e.g., real and apparent; masculine, feminine, or neuter;
horizontal and vertical; unilateral and bilateral, etc. The anomaly in
most cases consists of a malformation of the external genitalia. A
prolonged clitoris, prolapsed ovaries, grossness of figure, and hirsute
appearance have been accountable for many supposed instances of
hermaphrodites. On the other hand, a cleft scrotum, an ill-developed
penis, perhaps hypospadias or epispadias, rotundity of the mammae, and
feminine contour have also provoked accounts of similar instances. Some
cases have been proved by dissection to have been true hermaphrodites,
portions or even entire genitalia of both sexes having been found.

Numerous accounts, many mythical, but always interesting, are given of
these curious persons. They have been accredited with having performed
the functions of both father and mother, notwithstanding the statements
of some of the best authorities that they are always sterile.
Observation has shown that the sexual appetite diminishes in proportion
to the imperfections in the genitalia, and certainly many of these
persons are sexually indifferent.

We give descriptions of a few of the most famous or interesting
instances of hermaphroditism. Pare speaks of a woman who, besides a
vulva, from which she menstruated, had a penis, but without prepuce or
signs of erectility. Haller alludes to several cases in which prolonged
clitorides have been the cause of the anomaly. In commenting on this
form of hermaphroditism Albucasiusus describes a necessary operation
for the removal of the clitoris.

Columbus relates the history of an Ethiopian woman who was evidently a
spurious female hermaphrodite. The poor wretch entreated him to cut off
her penis, an enlarged clitoris, which she said was an intolerable
hindrance to her in coitus. De Graff and Riolan describe similar cases.
Th