tes and nations, and produce
their further development.

The laws of political motion occupy the same prominent place in our new
science as Newton's laws do in ordinary dynamics. These are very
important in calculating the positions which various States will occupy
in the future. First, we have the _doctrine of nationality_, which
prevented the progress of Austria into Italy, and of the Bourbons in
Naples, and produced the amalgamation of the small German States in the
great empire of Germany. The second law of political motion is the
doctrine of the _independence_ of all true States, and the equality of
all States to each other. This had its growth in feudalism; and all the
chief wars of modern times have been the result of the efforts of nature
to establish this law of independence. The doctrine of intervention is a
modification of the preceding law, and is applicable when the law of
necessity demands its use, such as the restoration of order after
protracted anarchy, the abolition of slave trade, etc. The third law is
the _law of morality_. Just as for each man there exists a _right_ and a
_wrong_; just as _duty_ and _conscience_ are certain elements in his
daily motion, which dictate his course of action, although he may chose
to neglect them; so a nation is bound by the same moral laws which
govern the individual; and a nation errs if it transgresses them.
Christianity is the agent which has produced so powerful an influence
in making men obey the dictates of conscience and walk in the path of
duty; and I read with thankfulness the conclusion of Mr. Amos, that
Christianity has triumphed quite as much in moralizing secular politics
as it has in the sphere of individual life.

* * * * *

These are some of the principal laws of motion which I have observed at
work in various States and nations. Inasmuch as political science
embraces, in addition to the physical sciences, all those branches which
are contained in ethics, economics, jurisprudence, sociology and others,
the laws of each are generally applicable to the whole grand subject of
which my lectures treat. Other general laws may be deduced, and have
been enumerated in my previous lectures, from the social properties of
curves and conics; and when our researches are complete we may hope to
produce a code of laws for the guidance of our statesmen which maybe of
immense use in determining the policies of the future. Already there is