ts,
they continued to use those of more primitive materials--bone and stone.
They, too, manufactured a characteristic sort of pottery, of rather rude
workmanship, which differs strikingly from that of the Neolithic Age. In
the late Bronze Age, at any rate, they cremated their dead and buried the
ashes in funerary urns. For their earlier practice evidence is lacking.

*The terramare.* The _terramare_ settlements are found chiefly in the Po
valley; to the north of that river around Mantua, and to the south between
Piacenza and Bologna. Scattered villages have been found throughout the
peninsula; one as far south as Taranto. The _terramare_ village was
regularly constructed in the form of a trapezoid, with a north and south
orientation. It was surrounded by an earthen wall, around the base of
which ran a wide moat, supplied with running water from a neighboring
stream. Access to the settlement was had by a single wooden bridge, easy
to destroy in time of danger. The space within the wall was divided in the
center by a main road running north and south the whole length of the
settlement. It was paralleled by some narrower roads and intersected at
right angles by others. On one side of this main highway was a space
surrounded by an inner moat, crossed by a bridge. This area was
uninhabited and probably devoted to religious purposes. The dwellings were
built on pile foundations along the roadways. Outside the moat was placed
the cemetery. The dead were cremated and the ashes deposited in ossuary
urns, which were laid side by side in the burial places. The remains were
rarely accompanied by anything but some smaller vases placed in the
ossuary.

*The terramare civilization.* With the _terramare_ people bronze had
almost completely supplanted stone instruments. Bronze daggers, swords,
axes, arrowheads, spearheads, razors, and pins have been preserved in
abundance. However, articles of bone and of horn were also in general use.
The _terramare_ civilization had likewise its special type of hand-made
pottery of peculiar shapes and ornamentation. A characteristic form of
ornamentation was the crescent-shaped handle (_ansa lunata_). The
_terramare_ peoples were both agricultural and pastoral, cultivating wheat
and flax and raising the better known domestic animals; while they also
hunted the stag and the wild boar.

*The peoples of the palafitte and the terramare.* Owing to their custom of
dwelling in pile villages, their practice