hus before Alexandria and
delivered the Senate's message. The king asked for time for consideration,
but the Roman, drawing a circle around him in the sand, bade him answer
before he left the spot. Antiochus yielded and evacuated Egypt.

The spoils of this war with Macedonia brought an enormous booty into the
Roman treasury, and from this time the war tax on property--the _tributum
civium Romanorum_--ceased to be levied. The income of the empire enabled
the government to relieve Roman citizens of all direct taxation.

IV. CAMPAIGNS IN ITALY AND SPAIN

During the Macedonian and Syrian Wars the Romans were busy strengthening
and extending their hold upon northern Italy and Spain.

*Cisalpine Gaul.* Cisalpine Gaul, which had been largely lost to the
Romans since Hannibal's invasion, was recovered by wars with the Insubres
and Boii between 198 and 191 B. C. A new military highway, the _via
Flaminia_, was built from Rome to Ariminum in 187, and later extended
under the name of the _via Aemilia_ to Placentia; another, the _via
Cassia_ (171 B. C.), linked Rome and the Po valley by way of Etruria. New
fortresses were established; Bononia (189) and Aquileia (181) as Latin
colonies; Parma and Mutina (183) as colonies of Roman citizens. In this
way Roman authority was firmly established and the way prepared for the
rapid Latinization of the land between the Apennines and the Alps.

*The Ligurians.* In the same period falls the subjugation of the
Ligurians. In successive campaigns, lasting until 172 B. C., the Romans
gradually extended their sway over the various Ligurian tribes until they
reached the territory of Massalia in southern Gaul. Roman colonies were
founded at Pisa (180) and Luna (177).

*Spain.* The territory acquired from Carthage in Spain was organized into
two provinces, called Hither and Farther Spain, in 197 B. C. But the
allied and subject Spanish tribes were not yet reconciled to the presence
of the Romans and serious revolts broke out. One of these was subdued by
Marcus Porcius Cato in 196, another by Lucius Aemilius Paulus between 191
and 189, and a third by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus in 179 and 178 B. C.
The settlement effected by Gracchus secured peace for many years. In Spain
were founded Rome's first colonies beyond the borders of Italy. Italica,
near Seville, was settled in 206, and Carteia in 171; both as Latin
colonies.

CHAPTER X