519

13. Twisted stomach worms (_Haemonchus contortus_) 519

14. Twisted stomach worms (_Haemonchus contortus_) enlarged 520

15. Embryo of twisted stomach worm (_Haemonchus contortus_)
coiled on tip of grass blade 521

16. A drenching tube made from an ordinary tin funnel, a piece of
rubber hose, and a piece of brass pipe 522

17. Piece of lining of fourth stomach showing cysts of the encysted
stomach worm (_Ostertatia ostertagi_) 523

18. A tapeworm (_Moniezia planissima_) which infests cattle 524

19. The common liver fluke (_Fasciola hepatica_) 526

20. The large American fluke (_Fasciola magna_) 526

21. Portion of grass stalk bearing three encysted cercariae of the
common liver fluke (_Fasciola hepatica_) 527

22. Hydatids (_Echinococcus granulosus_) in portion of hog's liver 528

23. Thin-necked bladder worm (_Taenia hydatigena_) from abdominal
cavity of a steer 529

24. Lung worms (_Dictyocaulus viviparus_) of cattle 530

SPECIAL REPORT

ON

DISEASES OF CATTLE

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES.

By LEONARD PEARSON, B. S., V. M. D.

Medicines may be administered to cattle in many ways. The channel and
method of administration depend on whether a general or local effect is
desired, the condition of the animal, and the nature of the medicine that
is to be given. The easiest method, and therefore the most common, is to
give ordinary remedies by the mouth with the food, with drink, or
separately. There, are, however, some conditions in which medicines
administered in this way will not act promptly enough, or wherein a desired
effect of the medicine on a distant part of the body is wholly lacking
unless it is applied in some other way.

The various methods of administering medicines to cattle will be considered
below.

BY THE MOUTH.--The simplest way to give medicines by the mouth is to mix
them with the food or water. This can be done when the medicine is in the
form of a powder or fluid, if but a small quantity is to be given, if it
does not have a taste that is disagreeable to the animal and is not so
irritant as to injure the lining membranes of the mouth and throat.

The usual me