written with the
help of the Prussian archives. The last two volumes, covering
1866-1870, are of less value, as he was not able to use the archives
for this period. Poschinger has also edited a series of works in which
anecdotes, minutes of interviews and conversations are recorded; they
are, however, of very unequal value. They are _Bismarck und die
Parlamentarier, Furst Bismarck und der Bundesrath, Die Ansprache des
Fursten Bismarck, Neue Tischgesprache_, and _Bismarck und die
Diplomaten_. Selections from these have been published in English by
Charles Lowe, _The Tabletalk of Prince Bismarck_, and by Sidney
Whitman, _Conversations with Bismarck_. By far the fullest guide to
Bismarck's life is Horst Kohl's _Furst Bismarck, Regesten zu einer
wissenschaftlichen Biographie_ (Leipzig, 1891-1892), which contains a
record of Bismarck's actions on each day, with references to and
extracts from his letters and speeches. For the works of Moritz Busch,
which contain graphic pictures of his daily life, see the article
BUSCH. Further materials were published periodically in the
_Bismarck-Jahrbuch_, edited by Horst Kohl (Berlin, 1894-1896;
Stuttgart, 1897-1899). Herr v. Poschinger also brought out a _Bismarck
Portfeuille_. Of German biographies may be mentioned Hans Blum,
_Bismarck und seine Zeit_ (6 vols., Munich, 1894-1895), with a volume
of appendices, &c. (1898); Heyck, _Bismarck_ (Bielefeld, 1898);
Kreutzer, _Otto von Bismarck_ (2 vols., Leipzig, 1900);
Klein-Hattingen, _Bismarck und seine Welt, 1815-1871_, Bd. i. (Berlin,
1902); Lenz, _Geschichte Bismarcks_ (Leipzig, 1902); Penzler, _Furst
Bismarck nach seiner Entlassung_ (7 vols., ib. 1897-1898); Liman, one
volume under the same title (ib. 1901). There are English biographies
by Charles Lowe, _Bismarck, a Political Biography_ (revised edition in
1 vol., 1895), by James Headlam (1899), and by F. Stearns
(Philadelphia, 1900). A useful bibliography of all works on Bismarck
up to 1895 is Paul Schulze and Otto Koller's _Bismarck-Literatur_
(Leipzig, 1896). (J. W. He.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] It was not till many years later that our knowledge of these
events (which is still incomplete) was established; in 1894 the
publication of the memoirs of the king of Rumania showed, what had
hitherto been denied, that Bismarck had taken a leading part in
urging the election of the prince of Hohenzollern. It was i