y changes in the earth's, 59;
of the earth's rotation, 58;
polar, inclined position of, 58;
polar, nodding movement of the axes, 54;
rotations of the planetary spheres on their axes, 56.

Barometer, causes of changes in the, 117, 118.

Basalts, 309.

Beaches, 93, 142, 144;
boulder, 142, 143;
pebbly, 142;
sand, 144.

Beetles, work of, on the soil, 318, 319.

Belief of the early astronomers about the solar system, 79.

_Bergschrund_, the, 214.

Birds and mammals contributing to the fertility of the soil, 319.

"Blanketing," 269.

Bogs,
climbing, 331-334;
lake, 331-333;
peat, 334, 335;
quaking, 334.

Botany, rapid advance in, 14, 15.

Boulders, 217, 220.

Breakers, 135, 137, 139.

Bridges, natural, 257, 258.

Canals of Mars, 67.

Canon, newly formed river cutting a, 195.

Cataracts, 193.

Caves, 253-258, 261;
architecture of, 255-258;
hot-water, 261;
mammoth cave, 258;
stalactites and stalagmites on the roof and floor of, 257.

Chasms, 140, 141.

Chemistry, 6, 12, 14;
advance of, 12;
modern, evolving from the studies of alchemists, 13, 14.

Chromosphere, 73.

Civilization of the Icelanders, 384.

Cliffs, sea-beaten, 132, 141, 142.

Climate,
changes of, due to modifications of the ocean streams, 153;
effect of the ocean on the, 147;
of the Gulf Stream, 149, 150.

Clouds, 159;
formation of, 162, 163;
shape of, 163;
water of, usually frozen, 207;
cloud-making, laws of, 161, 162.

Coast,
changes on the Scandinavian, 96;
line, effect of tide on the, 145;
of Greenland, 226;
of New Jersey sinking, 95;
marine, changes in, 95.

Cold in Siberia, 243.

Comets, 47, 50;
collisions of, 50;
kinship of meteorites and, 48;
omens of calamity to the ancients, 50;
the great, of 1811, 49, 50.

Cones. See under VOLCANOES.

Conflict between religion and science, 20, 22;
between the Protestant countries and the followers of science, 20.

Continental shelves, 125.

Continents and oceans, 83;
changes in position of, 91;
cyclones of the, 111;
forms of, 90;
proofs that they have endured for many years, 92;
shape of, 84, 96.

C