ed on his island; and they
would have been worth little if he had been forced to spend most of
his time in guarding them.

Appropriability is, therefore, a further essential attribute of the
things which can make particular men richer by reason of their
presence. When such things are actually brought into ownership, their
utilities become available, as they would not otherwise be. Effort
expended in protecting property is wealth-creating, since it causes
those service-rendering powers which otherwise would be only potential
in goods to become active. In other words, it gives to things which
are otherwise in a condition to be effectively useful a further
quality which they require in order that they may actually promote an
owner's well-being.

_Industrial Labor._--Industrial labor is the antithesis of protective
labor, and it invariably changes the qualities of material objects in
such a way as to make them useful; that is to say, it directly creates
utilities.[3] These utilities are of different kinds, and the labor
may be classified according to the kind it creates.

[3] The term _create_ is here used in a somewhat loose
sense and does not imply that the man originates matter or
even that he always transforms it without calling in, as an
aid, the forces of nature. The farmer must depend on vital
forces in soil and air in order to raise a crop. What he and
other laborers do is to cause the product in some way to come
into existence, and he and they may in this sense be said to
create the products which would not appear without them.

_Elementary Utility._--An elementary utility is created when a
substance is either dug out of the ground, as is done in mining, or
when it is secured through the vital forces of the earth, as is done
in agriculture. Hunting, fishing, and stock raising should be classed
with agriculture, since they use the resources of animate nature to
secure for mankind new raw products on which labor will confer further
useful qualities. This utility has to be created by men in every stage
of industrial development, from that of a tropical savage to that of
men in the most advanced civilization.[4]

[4] The distinction between elementary utility and others
does not need to be applied with the utmost strictness, for
mining creates form utility by breaking up masses of ore, and
place utility by making them accessible. Agriculture shapes
its products