to the singular. Birdoj, birds.
If objective, birdojn.

All ADJECTIVES end in A and agree with the noun in number and case.
Mi havas belajn birdojn, I have beautiful birds.

* * *

The INFINITIVES of VERBS always end in I. Lerni, to learn. Pensi, to
think.

PRESENT INDICATIVES end in AS in all persons singular and plural. Mi
iras, I go. Ili iras, they go.

PAST INDICATIVES end in IS in all persons singular and plural. Mi
iris, I went. Ni iris, we went.

FUTURE INDICATIVES end in OS in all persons singular and plural. Sxi
iros, she will go.

CONDITIONAL MOOD ends in US in all persons singular and plural. Li
irus, he would go.

IMPERATIVE MOOD ends in U. Parolu! speak! Iru! go!

SUBJUNCTIVES are formed by using "KE" and the Imperative. Ke mi iru,
that I might go.

The PRESENT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in ANTA--Iranta, going. In the
Passive voice in ATA--Farata, being done.

PAST PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in INTA--Irinta, having gone. In the
Passive voice in ITA--Farita, having been done.

FUTURE PARTICIPLE ACTIVE ends in ONTA--Ironta, about to go. In the
Passive voice in OTA--Farota, about to be done.

ADVERBS end in E--Bone, well. Bele, beautifully.

* * *

1. The DEFINITE ARTICLE is invariably LA in all cases singular and
plural. La Patroj, the Fathers.

2. There is no indefinite article in Esperanto. Patro, a Father; or
merely Father, as the case may be.

3. "NOT" is expressed by "NE." Mi ne havas amikon, I have not a
friend.

4. Questions are introduced by "Cxu." Cxu mi ne havas amikon? Have I
not a friend?

5. ESTI, to be, is the auxiliary verb in Esperanto. Havi, to have, is
never an auxiliary.

N.B.--There are no exceptions or irregularities in Esperanto.

* * *

The VOCABULARY has been simplified by about 30 affixes, which are
used to modify the meanings of root words. The commonest are the
following PREFIXES:--

BO indicates relationship by marriage. Bofrato, Brother-in-law.

DIS indicates separation, as in English. Dissxiri, to tear to pieces.

EK indicates the commencement of an action. Eklerni, to begin to learn.

MAL is always used to indicate OPPOSITES. Varma, warm. Malvarma,
cool. Amiko, friend. Malamiko, enemy.

RE denotes the repetition of an action. Relerni, to relearn. Rediri,
to say again.

The principal SUFFIXES are the following:--

AJX signifies an object made from--thus, Fruktajxo, something made
from fruit.

AR signifies a collection of. Arbo