11.7%, Netherlands 7.4%, Italy 7.5%, UK
7.7%, Belgium-Luxembourg 6.6%), EFTA 15.5%, US 7.7%, Eastern Europe
5.2%, OPEC 3.0% (1993)

Imports: $362 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: manufactures 75.1%, agricultural products 10.0%, fuels
8.3%, raw materials 5.0% (1993)
partners: EC 46.4% (France 11.3%, Netherlands 8.4%, Italy 8.1%, UK
6.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 5.7%), EFTA 14.3%, US 7.3%, Japan 6.3%,
Eastern Europe 5.1%, OPEC 2.6% (1993)

External debt: $NA

Economic aid:
donor: ODA, $6.954 billion (1993)

Currency: 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige

Exchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.4617 (January
1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994), 1.6533 (1993), 1.5617 (1992),
1.6595 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation
--------------

Railways:
total: 43,966 km
standard gauge: 43,531 km 1.435-m; 40,355 km are owned by Deutsche
Bahn AG (DB); 17,015 km of the DB system are electrified and 16,941
km are double- or more-tracked
narrow gauge: 389 km 1.000-m gauge (DB operates 146 km of 1.000-m
gauge); 7 km 0.900-m gauge; 39 km 0.750-m gauge
note: in addition to the DB system there are 54 privately-owned
industrial or excursion railways, ranging in route length from 2 km
to 632 km, with a total length of 3,465 km (1995)

Highways:
total: 636,282 km
paved: 531,018 km (including 10,955 km of expressways)
unpaved: 105,264 km (1991 est.)

Waterways:
western: 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of
1,000-metric-ton capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine
and Elbe; Kiel Canal is an important connection between the Baltic
Sea and North Sea
eastern: 2,319 km (1988)

Pipelines: crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km;
natural gas 97,564 km (1988)

Ports: Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cologne, Dresden,
Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Lubeck, Magdeburg,
Mannheim, Rostock, Stuttgart

Merchant marine:
total: 452 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,054,327
GRT/6,367,036 DWT
ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 193, chemical tanker 15, combination
bulk 4, combination ore/oil 5, container 166, liquefied gas tanker
12, multifunction large-load carrier 6, oil tanker 11, passenger 3,
railcar carrier 3, refrigerated cargo 7, roll-on/roll-off cargo 14,
short-sea passenger 7 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 617
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 13
with paved runways 2 438 t