it asketh a strong wit and a strong heart to know when to
tell the truth, and to do it; therefore it is the weaker sort
of politicians that are the greatest dissemblers." (Bacon.)

(g) Money being a barren product, it is contrary to nature
to make it reproduce itself. Usury, therefore, is unnatural,
and, being unnatural, is unjustifiable.

(h) The study of mathematics is essential to a complete
course of education, because it induces a habit of close and
regular reasoning. [S]

101. Explain and illustrate the following terms:--Subalternans, _Vera
Causa_, Plurality of Causes, Law of Nature, Empirical Law, _Summum
Genus_, Predicament, _Arbor Porphyriana_, Axiom, Universe of discourse
(_suppositio_), Antinomy, Dilemma, Realism, Dichotomy, etc.

102. Is there any distinction and, if so, what, between a complete
Description and an Explanation? [C]

103. On what principles have fallacies been classified? To what extent
do you think a satisfactory classification of Fallacies possible? [C]

104. Examine how far conceptions of Persistence and of Invariable
Concomitance of Properties are involved in the methodological
application of the conception of Cause.

104A. Inquire whether the two following propositions can be reconciled
with one another: (a) The same conjunction of antecedents is invariably
followed by the same consequent; (b) We never find the same concurrence
of phenomena a second time. [C]

105. Using the term Logic in a wide sense, so as to include Methodology,
inquire how far a Logic of Observation is possible, and show in what it
will consist. [C]

106. What is Proof?

Explain and discuss the following dicta:--(a) _Qui nimium probat, nihil
probat_: (b) A bad proof is worse than no proof; (c) The exception
proves the rule; (d) Negatives cannot be proved. [C]

107. Examine how far the rules of immediate and syllogistic inference
are modified by differences of interpretation of the categorical
proposition in respect of the existence of the subject. [S]

108. "An effect is but the sum of all the partial causes, the
concurrence of which constitutes its existence." "The cause of an event
is its invariable and unconditional antecedent." Explain and compare
these two theories of causation. Does either alone exhaust the
scientific conception of cause? [S]

109. Under what logical conditions are statistical inferences
authorised, and what is the nature of their conclusions? [S]