ce, and store, the
community now could list a hardware store, lumberyard, blacksmith,
farm machinery store, and sawmill.[70] The sawmill was owned by
Beattie's son and namesake, Fountain Beattie, and presumably was
operated as a family enterprise in the same manner as the farm.

II. ORCHARD AND DAIRY: FOUNTAIN BEATTIE (1878-1917)

[46] A. W. Moger, _The Rebuilding of the Old Dominion_ (New York:
Columbia University, 1940), p. 46. Citing census data, the
thesis notes that "the value of farm implements and machinery
on farms in Virginia and West Virginia combined was only
two-thirds of what it was in Virginia in 1860, while the value
of livestock in the two states was only four-fifths of that in
Virginia in 1860. Not until 1880 did the number of cattle and
not until after the turn of the century did the number of
swine in Virginia and West Virginia equal the number in the
Old Dominion before the war."

[47] "Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870," in _Report of the
Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870 (Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1871), pp. 267-291, 273, 291.

[48] Virginia Good Roads Convention, _Programme_ (Richmond: Stone
Printing Co., 1894). While railroad and water transportation
were available from Alexandria to major metropolitan markets
for farm products, the farmer faced the obstacles of
traversing Virginia's notoriously poor farm-to-market roads.

[49] _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870, p. 268.

[50] R. H. Abbott, "Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia: 1840-1860,"
_Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, v. 76, No. 1,
pp. 56-66 (January 1968).

See also the _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_,
1870, p. 291, which states "a striking mark of progress is the
change of the policy of the planters toward the outside world.
Formerly they were indisposed to encourage immigration from
other States. There was, therefore, no accession to the
population of the rural district from abroad. The same
traditions and habits descended from father to son through
successive generations. Now all this is altered. Strangers
from every State and every country are cordially welcomed
whenever they show any disposition to become permanent
settlers and