rgy, and the great
mendicant orders evolved; while the constant polemic of the Cathar
teachers against the cruelty, rapacity and irascibility of the Jewish
tribal god led the church to prohibit the circulation of the Old
Testament among laymen. The sacrament of "extreme unction" was also
evolved by way of competing with the death-bed _consolamentum_.

AUTHORITIES--J.J.I. Dollinger, _Beitrage zur Sektengeschichte_
(Munchen, 1890); Jean Guiraud, _Questions d'histoire_ (Paris, 1906);
F.C. Conybeare, _The Key of Truth_ (Oxford, 1898); Henry C. Lea,
_History of the Inquisition_ (New York, 1888); C. Douais,
_L'Inquisition_ (Paris, 1906), and his _Les Heretiques du midi au
XIIIe siecle_ (Paris, 1891); _Les Albigeois_ (Paris, 1879); also
_Practica Inquisitionis_ (of Bernard Gui or Guidon), (Paris, 1886); L.
Cledat, _Le Nouveau Testament, traduit au XIIIe siecle en langue
provencale, suivi d'un rituel cathare_ (Paris, 1887); E. Cunitz in
_Beitrage zu den theol. Wissensch._ (1852), vol. iv.; P. van Limborch,
_Liber Sententiarum Inquis. Tholos. 1307-1323_ (Amsterdam, 1692);
Hahn, _Gesch. der Ketzer im M.A._ (Stuttgart, 1845); Ch. Schmidt,
_Histoire et doctrine de la secte des Cathares_ (Paris, 1849); A.
Lombard, _Pauliciens bulgares et Bons-Hommes_ (Geneva, 1879);
Fredericq, _Corpus documentorum haer, pravitatis Neerlandicae_ (Gent,
1889-1896); Felix Tocco, "Nuovi documenti" in _Archiv. di studi ital._
(1901), and his _L'Eresia nel media evo_ (Florence, 1881); P. Flade,
_Das romische Inquisitions-verfahren in Deutschland_ (Leipzig, 1902);
Ch. Molinier, "Rapport sur une mission en Italie," in _Archives
scientifiques de Paris_, tom. 14 (1888); C.H. Haskins, "Robert le
Bougre," in _American Hist. Rev._ (1902). (F. C. C.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A certain Peter (_Doc. Doat._, 22, p. 98) declared that could he
but get hold of the false and perfidious God of the Catholics who
created a thousand men in order to save a single one and damn all the
rest, he would break him to pieces and tear him asunder with his
nails and spit in his face.

[2] Here we have a doctrine of metempsychosis which seems of Indian
origin (see ASCETICISM). But Julius Caesar (_de B.G._ vi. 13) attests
this belief among the ancient Druids of Gaul.

[3] The Abbe Guiraud remarks that in refusing to take oaths the
Cathars "contraried the social principles on which the constitutions
of a