e, when they rebuke the French for fighting vast
organizations working against their Government under foreign orders.

In 1914 France, bearing on her shoulders proportionably the greatest
burden of all the Allies, presented to the world a spirit of firmness,
unity, and national resolve that won the admiration of neutral nations.
Religious persecution and clerical manoeuvre were alike put aside.
France forgot all lassitude and discouragement. Atheist, Protestant, and
Catholic felt a great wave of spiritual as well as of patriotic fervor,
and took as symbol of love of country the heroic peasant girl of
Lorraine, Jeanne d'Arc, who, coming from the people and leading the
nation's army, sought to drive from the soil its foes and invaders.

FOOTNOTES:

[18] It must be obvious to the reader, after following all the changes
in nomenclature recorded in this volume, that in France party-names give
little hint of party-views: "In French political parlance 'Progressivs'
ar retrograde, 'Liberals' ar conservativ, 'Conservativs' ar
revolutionary in aim and methods, 'Radicals' ar trimmers and
time-servers, whilst one of the most reactionary administrations of
recent years was heded by three 'Socialists.'" A.-L. Guerard in _Pub.
Mod. Lang. Assoc. of America_, vol. xxx, p. 624. Compare also the
following: "Suivant les regions de la France, c'est-a-dire selon la
moyenne de l'opinion locale et les termes de comparaison ou les
traditions propres a chaque province, les mots changent de
signification. Dans le Var un radical passe pour un modere, dans l'ouest
un republicain est considere par certains comme un revolutionnaire,
ailleurs les candidats qui ne sont pas au moins radicaux-socialistes ne
sont pas tenus pour de bons republicains." L. Jacques, _Les partis
politiques sous la troisieme republique_, p. 429.

THE END

APPENDIX

PRESIDING OFFICERS OF FRENCH CABINETS

VICE-PRESIDENTS DU CONSEIL

_Administration of Thiers_

Feb. 19, 1871, Jules Dufaure.
May 18, 1873, Jules Dufaure.

_Administration of Mac-Mahon_

May 25, 1873, Duc de Broglie.
Nov. 26, 1873, Duc de Broglie.
May 22, 1874, General de Cissey.
{Louis Buffet.
March 10, 1875,{
{Jules Dufaure.

PRESIDENTS DU CONSEIL

_Administration of Mac-Mahon (continued)_

March 9, 1876, Jules Dufaure.
Dec. 12, 1876, Jules Simon.
May 17, 1877, Duc de Broglie.
N