ier, the
land grants to railroads, the development of the telephone, telegraph,
typewriter, electrical appliances, and the like, in their bearing on
the industrial reconstruction of the whole country.

The author then discusses events more in detail, directing his
attention to the tariff revision of the eighties, the "Mugwump
Campaign" of 1884, the Wild West, labor ideals, protection, populism,
the revival of the Democratic party through the leadership of
Cleveland, industrial unrest, political schism, the Spanish-American
War, business in politics, the career of Theodore Roosevelt,
government control, insurgency, the rise of Woodrow Wilson, watchful
waiting, neutrality and preparedness, the United States in the World
War, and the League of Nations. Some attention is also given to the
reconstruction and the election of 1920.

While the work is a valuable treatise from the point of view of a man
who is trying to write the history of a particular race, it does not
come up to the standard of history of the United States in all of its
national and racial ramifications. So far as the Negro is concerned,
it merely refers to his undoing as a political factor in the
Reconstruction, the efforts for his education by northern
sympathizers, the rise of Booker T. Washington, the elimination of the
Negro as a factor in the South, the efforts to pass a force bill
protecting the Negro in the exercise of the right of suffrage, and the
continued control of the South of the Democratic party. A foreigner
who reads this work might wonder whether the Negroes by this political
upheaval have been exterminated or have emigrated from the country.
Any student of the history of the whole Southland knows that it is
centered largely around the Negro and any historian failing to take
this into account cannot be recognized as an authority.

_The Backbone of Africa. A Record of Travel during the Great War,
with some Suggestions for Administrative Reform._ By SIR ALFRED
SHARPS, K. C. M. G., C. B., formerly Governor of Nyasaland.
London, H. F. & G. Witherby, 1921. Pp. 232.

This is the reaction of a public functionary to the scenes of colonial
life as they appeared to him from a different angle in a survey of the
whole continent and under the circumstances of a political upheaval.
He had in mind here the regions of Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Tanganyika,
Ruanda, the Congo, and the Upper Nile. The book is illustrated, well
written and