ectens, Tellinae, cockle
shells, turban shells (_sabots_), etc., madrepores and other littoral
polyps, the bones of marine or of amphibious animals which have lived
near the sea, and which occur as fossils, are then unimpeachable
monuments of the sojourn of the sea on the points of the dry parts of
the globe where we observe their deposits, and besides these occur
deep-water forms. "Thus the encrinites, the belemnites, the
orthoceratites, the ostracites, the terebratules, etc., all animals
which habitually live at the bottom, found for the most part among the
fossils deposited on the point of the globe in question, are
unimpeachable witnesses which attest that this same place was once part
of the bottom or great depths of the sea." He then attempts to prove,
and does so satisfactorily, that the shells he refers to are what he
calls deep-water (pelagiennes). He proves the truth of his thesis by the
following facts:

1. We are already familiar with a marine Gryphaea, and different
Terebratulae, also marine shell-fish, which do not, however, live
near shore. 2. Also the greatest depth which has been reached with
the rake or the dredge is not destitute of molluscs, since we find
there a great number which only live at this depth, and without
instruments to reach and bring them up we should know nothing of the
_cones_, _olives_, Mitra, many species of Murex, Strombus, etc. 3.
Finally, since the discovery of a living Encrinus, drawn up on a
sounding line from a great depth, and where lives the animal or
polyp in question, it is not only possible to assure ourselves that
at this depth there are other living animals, but on the contrary we
are strongly bound to think that other species of the same genus,
and probably other animals of different genera, also live at the
same depths. All this leads one to admit, with Bruguiere,[78] the
existence of deep-water shell-fish and polyps, which, like him, I
distinguish from littoral shells and polyps.

"The two sorts of monuments of which I have above spoken, namely,
littoral and deep-sea fossils, may be, and often should be, found
separated by different beds in the same bank or in the same
mountains, since they have been deposited there at very different
epochs. But they may often be found mixed together, because the
movements of the water, the currents, submarine volcanoes, etc.,
have overturned the beds, yet some regular deposits in wate