ember. These pair
and lay eggs, the resulting caterpillars going as Barrett suggests
(1896, vol. III. p. 291) 'to reinforce the great army of wintering
larvae.'

Such underground caterpillars, to a great extent protected from cold,
can continue to feed through the winter. With other species we find that
the larva becomes fully grown in autumn, yet lives through the winter
without further change. This is the case with the Codling moth
(_Carpocapsa pomonella_), a well-known orchard pest, which in our
countries is usually single-brooded. The moth is flying in May and lays
her eggs on the shoots or leaves of apple-trees, more rarely on the
fruitlets, into which however the caterpillar always bores by the upper
(calyx) end. Here it feeds, growing with the growth of the fruit,
feeding on the tissue around the cores, ultimately eating its way out
through a lateral hole, and crawling upwards if its apple-habitation has
fallen, downwards if it still remains on the bough, to shelter under a
loose piece of bark where it spins its cocoon about midsummer and
hibernates still in the larval condition. Not until spring is the pupal
form assumed, and then it quickly passes into the imaginal state. In the
south of England, as F.V. Theobald (1909) has lately shown, and also in
southwestern Ireland, this species may be double-brooded, the usual
condition on the European continent and in the United States of America.
There the midsummer larvae pupate at once and the moths of an August
brood lay eggs on the hanging or stored fruit; in this case, again,
however, the full-grown larva, quickly fed-up within the developed
apples, is the wintering stage.

Several of the insects mentioned in this survey, like the last-named
codling moth, are occasionally double-brooded. As an example of the many
Lepidoptera, which in our islands have normally two complete life-cycles
in the year, we may take the very familiar White butterflies (Pieris) of
which three species are common everywhere. The appearance of the first
brood of these butterflies on the wing in late April or May is hailed as
a sign of advanced spring-time. They pair and lay their eggs on
cabbages and other plants, and the green hairy caterpillars feed in June
and July, after which the spotted pupae may be found on fences and
walls, attached by the silken tail-pad and supported by the
waist-girdle. In August and September butterflies of the second brood
have emerged from these and are on the