8--M.]

[Footnote 33: The construction of the wall of China is mentioned by
Duhalde (tom. ii. p. 45) and De Guignes, (tom. ii. p. 59.)]

[Footnote 34: See the life of Lieoupang, or Kaoti, in the Hist, de la
Chine, published at Paris, 1777, &c., tom. i. p. 442--522. This
voluminous work is the translation (by the P. de Mailla) of the Tong-
Kien-Kang-Mou, the celebrated abridgment of the great History of
Semakouang (A.D. 1084) and his continuators.]

[Footnote 35: See a free and ample memorial, presented by a Mandarin to
the emperor Venti, (before Christ 180--157,) in Duhalde, (tom. ii. p.
412--426,) from a collection of State papers marked with the red pencil
by Kamhi himself, (p. 354--612.) Another memorial from the minister of
war (Kang-Mou, tom. ii. p 555) supplies some curious circumstances of
the manners of the Huns.]

[Footnote 36: A supply of women is mentioned as a customary article of
treaty and tribute, (Hist. de la Conquete de la Chine, par les Tartares
Mantcheoux, tom. i. p. 186, 187, with the note of the editor.)]

[Footnote 37: De Guignes, Hist. des Huns, tom. ii. p. 62.]

The conquest of China has been twice achieved by the pastoral tribes of
the North: the forces of the Huns were not inferior to those of the
Moguls, or of the Mantcheoux; and their ambition might entertain the
most sanguine hopes of success. But their pride was humbled, and their
progress was checked, by the arms and policy of Vouti, [38] the fifth
emperor of the powerful dynasty of the Han. In his long reign of fifty-
four years, the Barbarians of the southern provinces submitted to the
laws and manners of China; and the ancient limits of the monarchy were
enlarged, from the great river of Kiang, to the port of Canton. Instead
of confining himself to the timid operations of a defensive war, his
lieutenants penetrated many hundred miles into the country of the Huns.
In those boundless deserts, where it is impossible to form magazines,
and difficult to transport a sufficient supply of provisions, the armies
of Vouti were repeatedly exposed to intolerable hardships: and, of one
hundred and forty thousand soldiers, who marched against the Barbarians,
thirty thousand only returned in safety to the feet of their master.
These losses, however, were compensated by splendid and decisive
success. The Chinese generals improved the superiority which they
derived from the temper of their arms, their chariots of war, and the
service of their Tart