only "on just cause." The very terms imply the existence of a country
to be invaded, and of an enemy who has given just cause of war.

The charter to William Penn contains the following recital: "and
because, in so remote a country, near so many barbarous nations, the
incursions, as well of the savages themselves, as of other enemies,
pirates, and robbers, may probably be feared, therefore we have given,"
&c. The instrument then confers the power of war.

These barbarous nations, whose incursions were feared, and to repel
whose incursions the power to make war was given, were surely not
considered as the subjects of Penn, or occupying his lands during his
pleasure.

The same clause is introduced into the charter to Lord Baltimore.

The charter to Georgia professes to be granted for the charitable
purpose of enabling poor subjects to gain a comfortable subsistence by
cultivating lands in the American provinces, "at present waste and
desolate." It recites: "and whereas our provinces in North America have
been frequently ravaged by Indian enemies, more especially that of
South Carolina, which, in the late war by the neighboring savages, was
laid waste by fire and sword, and great numbers of the English
inhabitants miserably massacred; and our loving subjects, who now
inhabit there, by reason of the smallness of their numbers, will, in
case of any new war, be exposed to the like calamities, inasmuch as
their whole Southern frontier continueth unsettled, and lieth open to
the said savages."

These motives for planting the new colony are incompatible with the
lofty ideas of granting the soil and all its inhabitants from sea to
sea. They demonstrate the truth, that these grants asserted a title
against Europeans only, and were considered as blank paper so far as
the rights of the natives were concerned. The power of war is given
only for defence, not for conquest.

The charters contain passages showing one of their objects to be the
civilization of the Indians, and their conversion to Christianity--objects
to be accomplished by conciliatory conduct, and good example; not by extermination.

The actual state of things, and the practice of European nations, on so
much of the American continent as lies between the Mississippi and the
Atlantic, explain their claims and the charters they granted. Their
pretensions unavoidably interfered with each other: though the
discovery of one was admitted by all to exclude the claim of