the
tongue. If you examine the brain, you will see innumerable substances and
fibres, also, and see, too, that everything in it is organized. What more
is needed than this ocular proof?

[7] But one may ask, What are affection and thought then? A conclusion
can be reached from each and all things in the body. In it are many
viscera, each fixed in its place, and all performing their several
functions by changes and variations of state and form. It is well known
that they are engaged in their own activities--the stomach, the
intestines, the kidneys, the liver, the pancreas, the spleen, the heart
and the lungs, each in its particular activity. All the activities are
maintained from within, and to be actuated from within means that it is
by changes and variations of state and form. It may be plain then that
the activities of the purely organic substances of the mind are similar,
the one difference being that those of the organic substances of the body
are natural, but of the mind are spiritual; plainly, also, the two make
one by correspondences.

[8] The nature of the changes and variations of state and form in the
organic substances of the mind, which are affections and thoughts, cannot
be shown to the eye. It may, however, be seen as in a mirror by the
changes of state in the lungs on speaking and singing. There is
correspondence, moreover; for the sound of the voice in speaking and
singing, and the articulations of the sound which are the words of speech
and the modulations of song, are produced by means of the lungs; sound
corresponds to affection, and speech to thought. Sound and speech are
produced also from affection and thought. This is done by changes and
variations in the state and form of the organic substances of the lungs,
and from the lungs through the trachea or windpipe in the larynx and
glottis, and then in the tongue, and finally in the lips. The first
changes and variations in the state and form of the sound occur in the
lungs, the second in trachea and larynx, the third in the glottis by the
different openings of its orifice, the fourth in the tongue by its
various positions against palate and teeth, and the fifth in the lips by
the various modifications of form in them. It may be evident, then, that
these consecutive changes and variations in the state of organic forms
produce the sounds and their articulations which are speech and song.
Inasmuch, then, as sound and speech are produced from no other so