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Ohio Valley, 104;
as a highway, 162;
economic legislation and, 170;
effects on national expansion, 166;
in American history, 157;
influence on Lincoln, 175;
part in making of the nation, 160;
physiography, 160-161;
relation to the South, 174;
religious spirit, 164, 165;
stock and settlement, 164

Oil wells, 297

Oklahoma, 278, 297

Old National road, 136

Old Northwest, 131, 132, 136, 221;
as a whole, 241-242;
defined, 218;
elements of settlement, 222;
political position, 236;
social origin, 222-223;
Southern element in settlement, 223, 225-226;
turning point of control, 229

"Old South," 166

Old West, colonization of areas beyond the mountains, 124;
consequences of formation, 106;
New South and, 100;
summary of frontier movement in 17th and early 18th centuries, 98;
term defined, 68

Old World, 261, 267, 294, 299, 344, 349;
effect of American frontier, 22;
West and, 206, 210

Opportunity, 37, 212, 239, 259-260, 261, 263, 271-272, 342, 343

Orangeburg, 96

Ordinance of 1787, 25, 132, 168, 190, 223

Oregon country, 144

Orient, 297

Osgood, H. L., 30

Pacific coast, 168, 219, 304

Pacific Northwest, 296

Pacific Ocean, 297, 315

Packing industries, 151

Palatine Germans, 5, 22, 100, 109, 124;
New York State and, 82

Palisades, 71

Panama Canal, 295

Panics, 279-280

Paper money, 32, 111, 121, 122, 209

Parkman, Francis, 70, 72, 144, 163

"Particular plantations," 41

Past, lessons of, 355

Patroon estates, 80

Paxton Boys, 112

Pecks "New Guide to the West," 19

Penn, William, 262

Pennsylvania, 23, 27;
coast and interior, antagonisms, 112;
German settlement, 82, 100;
Great Valley of, 68, 164;
land grants, 101;
new Pennsylvania of the Great Valley, 100;
Scotch-Irish, 103, 104;
settlement Of Old West part, 83

Pennsylvania Dutch, 22, 100, 110

Perrot, Nicolas, 180

Philadelphia, 106;
trade, 108

Physiographic provinces, 127

Piedmont, 68;
Virginia, 87, 89

Pig iron, 152, 313

Pine, 151

Pine belt in Middle West, 143

Pioneer democracy, lessons learned, 357;
Middle West, 335

Pioneer farmers, 21, 206, 257

Pioneers, conservative fears about, 251, 252;
contest with capitalist, 325;
contrast of conditions, 279;
deeper significance, 338;
essence, 271;
ideals and the State university, 269;
Middle West, 146, 154;
Ohio Valley, 167;
old ideals, 148;
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