l of the
duties imposed on them as landlords, and as the friends and protectors
of those who depended on them for their existence."--_Memoir of Sir
Ralph Abercrombie_, p. 72.

[580] _All_.--Lord Holland says, in his _Memoirs of the Whig Party_:
"The fact is incontestable that the people of Ireland were driven to
resistance, which, _possibly_, they meditated before, by the free
quarters and excesses of the soldiery, which are not permitted in
civilized warfare, even in an enemy's country." The state prisoners
declared the immediate cause of the rising was "the free quarters, the
house-burnings, the tortures, and the military executions."

[581] _Success_.--The real betrayer of this brave but unfortunate
nobleman has only been discovered of late years. Dr. Madden was the
first to throw light upon the subject. He discovered the item of L1,000
entered in the _Secret Service Money-book_, as paid to F.H. for the
discovery of L.E.F. The F.H. was undoubtedly Francis Higgins, better
known as the Sham Squire, whose infamous career has been fully exposed
by Mr. Fitzpatrick. In the fourth volume of the _United Irishmen_, p.
579, Dr. Madden still expresses his doubt as to who was the person
employed by Higgins as "setter." It evidently was some one in the
secrets of Lord Edward's party. The infamous betrayer has been at last
discovered, in the person of Counsellor Magan, who received at various
times large sums of money from Government for his perfidy. See the _Sham
Squire_, p. 114. Higgins was buried at Kilbarrack, near Clontarf. In
consequence of the revelations of his vileness, which have been lately
brought before the public, the tomb was smashed to pieces, and the
inscription destroyed. See Mr. Fitzpatrick's _Ireland before the Union_,
p. 152.

[582] _Murphy_.--Rev. Mr. Gordon says: "Some of the soldiers of the
Ancient British regiment cut open the dead body of Father Michael
Murphy, after the battle of Arklow, took out his heart, roasted his
body, and oiled their boots with the grease which dropped from
it."--_History of the Rebellion_, p. 212.

[583] _Suffer.--Annals of Ballitore_, vol. i. p. 227.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

The State of Ireland before and after the Union--Advancement of Trade
before the Union--Depression after it--Lord Clare and Lord Castlereagh
in the English Parliament--The Catholic Question becomes a Ministerial
Difficulty--The Veto--The O'Connell Sept--Early Life of Daniel
O'Connell--The Doneraile Co