paganda was carried on in
Moscow and Petrograd, too, though it never reached the stage of
a pogrom. In Petrograd anti-Jewish posters, signed by a "Kamorra
of the People's Revenge," were spread broadcast. As a result of
the apprehensiveness aroused, detachments for self-defense were
organized by the Jews of Moscow. In Petrograd the Bolshevist
authorities did not permit the organization of self-defense
bodies, fearing lest the weapons of the self-defense detachments
be turned against the Soviet.

Upon the initiative of the Petrograd Jewish Community the day of
May 23, 1918, was designated as a Jewish National Day of
Mourning throughout Russia as a protest against the latter-day
Jewish pogroms in Russia. On that day the Jews were to close all
their business establishments, not to issue newspapers, etc.,
etc. The May 23d issue of the Petrograd Jewish daily, _Unser
Tagblat_, appeared in a black border and was full of articles
relating to anti-Jewish attacks and pogroms, entitled: "Protest
by Mourning," "Let Jewish Blood Boil," "The Day of Sorrow," "The
Bloody Roll (Statistics Concerning Jewish Pogroms)." To convey
to the reader the substance of these articles I will quote the
closing words of the article, "The Bloody Roll": "The old
tsarist, bloody Russia, fell, and a new Russia, a
radical-Socialist, a communist, Russia came in its place. And
still, as before, we stand facing a roster of Jewish pogroms, a
roster which is, as yet, far from ended, as each day adds new
names, new victims, and new massacres."

Mr. Louis Marshall, who is universally recognized as one of the
foremost leaders of the American Jewry and who headed the
American-Jewish delegation to the Peace Conference, in an interview
published in the New York Jewish daily newspaper, _The Day_, July 27,
1919, categorically denied the assertion that there have been no
Jewish pogroms under the rule of the Bolsheviki. He declared that such
pogroms took place in the districts of the Ukraine controlled by the
Bolsheviki as well as in those controlled by the robber bands. "We
know of such pogroms having occurred," he said, "and very often the
Bolsheviki care just as little about the Jews as others who make
pogroms. It is possible that some of their pogroms are at times
different, but in substance there were Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist
territory as well." Mr. Marshall add