t very
complicated in their branching. This animal survived into the
succeeding age, and is found in the pre-glacial forest bed of
Norfolk, being described by Dr. Falconer under the name of
Sedgwick's deer. The Irish elk, moose, stag, reindeer, and
fallow deer appear in Europe in the Pleistocene age, all with
highly complicated antlers in the adult, and the first
possessing the largest antlers yet known. Of these the Irish elk
disappeared in the Prehistoric age, after having lived in
countless herds in Ireland, while the rest have lived on into
our own times in Euro-Asia, and, with the exception of the last,
also in North America.

"From this survey it is obvious that the cervine antlers have
increased in size and complexity from the Mid-Miocene to the
Pleistocene age, and that their successive changes are analogous
to those which are observed in the development of antlers in the
living deer, which begin with a simple point, and increase in
number of tines till their limit of growth be reached. In other
words, the development of antlers indicated at successive and
widely-separated pages of the geological record is the same as
that observed in the history of a single living species. It is
also obvious that the progressive diminution of size and
complexity in the antlers, from the present time back into the
early Tertiary age, shows that we are approaching the zero of
antler development in the Mid-Miocene. No trace of any
antler-bearing ruminant has been met with in the lower Miocenes,
either of Europe or the United States."[188]

_Progressive Brain-Development._

The three illustrations now given sufficiently prove that, whenever the
geological record approaches to completeness, we have evidence of the
progressive change of species in definite directions, and from less
developed to more developed types--exactly such a change as we may
expect to find if the evolution theory be the true one. Many other
illustrations of a similar change could be given, but the animal groups
in which they occur being less familiar, the details would be less
interesting, and perhaps hardly intelligible. There is, however, one
very remarkable proof of development that must be briefly noticed--that
afforded by the steady increase in the size of the brain. This may be
best stated in the words of Professor Marsh:--

"The real pr