inally became openly unfriendly to the whites. The League alone,
however, was not responsible for this change. The League and the Bureau
had to some extent the same personnel, and it is frequently impossible
to distinguish clearly between the influence of the two. In many ways
the League was simply the political side of the Bureau. The preaching
and teaching missionaries were also at work. And apart from the
organized influences at work, the poor whites never laid aside their
hostility towards the blacks, bond or free.

When the campaigns grew exciting, the discipline of the order was used
to prevent the Negroes from attending Democratic meetings and hearing
Democratic speakers. The leaders even went farther and forbade the
attendance of the blacks at political meetings where the speakers were
not endorsed by the League. Almost invariably the scalawag disliked the
Leaguer, black or white, and as a political teacher often found himself
proscribed by the League. At a Republican mass meeting in Alabama, a
white Republican who wanted to make a speech was shouted down by the
Negroes because he was "opposed to the Loyal League." He then went to
another place to speak but was followed by the crowd, which refused to
allow him to say anything. All Republicans in good standing had to join
the League and swear that secession was treason--a rather stiff dose for
the scalawag. Judge (later Governor) David P. Lewis, of Alabama, was a
member for a short while but he soon became disgusted and published
a denunciation of the order. Albion W. Tourgee, the author, a radical
judge, was the first chief of the League in North Carolina and was
succeeded by Governor Holden. In Alabama, Generals Swayne, Spencer, and
Warner, all candidates for the United States Senate, hastened to join
the order.

As soon as a candidate was nominated by the League, it was the duty of
every member to support him actively. Failure to do so resulted in a
fine or other more severe punishment, and members who had been expelled
were still considered under the control of the officials. The League
was, in fact, the machine of the radical party, and all candidates had
to be governed by its edicts. As the Montgomery Council declared, the
Union League was "the right arm of the Union-Republican party in the
United States."

Every Negro was ex colore a member or under the control of the League.
In the opinion of the League, white Democrats were bad enough, but
black Democ