pherds and
husbandmen who formed the bulk of the Hebrew nation.

* The terms in which the text, 1 Kings x. 27-29 (cf. 2
Citron, i. 16, 17), speaks of the trade in horses, show that
the traffic was already in existence when Solomon decided to
embark in it.

** 1 Kings x. 27-29; 2 Chron. i. 16, 17. Kue, the name of
Lower Cilicia, was discovered in the Hebrew text by Pr.
Lenormant. Winckler, with mistaken reliance on the authority
of Erman, has denied that Egypt produced stud-horses at this
time, and wishes to identify the Mizraim of the Hebrew text
with Musri, a place near Mount Taurus, mentioned in the
Assyrian texts.

In thus developing his resources and turning them to good account,
Solomon derived great assistance from the Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon,
a race whose services were always at the disposal of the masters of
Southern Syria. The continued success of the Hellenic colonists on the
eastern shores of the Mediterranean had compelled the Phoenicians to
seek with redoubled boldness and activity in the Western Mediterranean
some sort of compensation for the injury which their trade had thus
suffered. They increased and consolidated their dealings with Sicily,
Africa, and Spain, and established themselves throughout the whole of
that misty region which extended beyond the straits of Gibraltar on the
European side, from the mouth of the Guadalete to that of the Guadiana.
This was the famous Tarshish--the Oriental El Dorado. Here they had
founded a number of new towns, the most flourishing of which, Gadir,*
rose not far from the mouths of the Betis, on a small islet separated
from the mainland by a narrow arm of the sea. In this city they
constructed a temple to Melkarth, arsenals, warehouses, and shipbuilding
yards: it was the Tyre of the west, and its merchant-vessels sailed to
the south and to the north to trade with the savage races of the African
and European seaboard. On the coast of Morocco they built Lixos, a town
almost as large as Gadir, and beyond Lixos, thirty days' sail southwards,
a whole host of depots, reckoned later on at three hundred.

* I do not propose to discuss here the question of the
identity of the country of Tartessos with the Tarshish or
Tarsis mentioned in the Bible (1 Kings x. 22).

By exploiting the materials to be obtained from these lands, such as
gold, silver, tin, lead, and copper, Tyre and Sidon were soon ab