the action of the bowels, or
increase the discharge by stool.

Demulcents are medicines suited to prevent the action of acrid and
stimulating matters upon the mucous membranes of the throat, lungs,
etc.

Diaphoretics are medicines that promote or cause perspirable discharge
by the skin.

Diuretics are medicines which increase the flow of urine by their
action upon the kidneys.

Emetics are those medicines which produce vomiting.

Emmenagogues are medicines which promote the menstrual discharge.

Emollients are those remedies which, when applied to the solids of the
body, render them soft and flexible.

Errhines are substances which, when applied to the lining membrane of
the nostrils, occasion a discharge of mucous fluid.

Epispastices are those which cause blisters when applied to the
surface.

Escharotics are substances used to destroy a portion of the surface of
the body, forming sloughs.

Expectorants are medicines capable of facilitating the excretion of
mucous from the chest.

Narcotics are those substances having the property of diminishing the
action of the nervous and vascular systems, and of inducing sleep.

Rubefacients are remedies which excite the vessels of the skin and
increase its heat and redness.

Sedatives are medicines which have the power of allaying the actions
of the systems generally, or of lessening the exercise of some
particular function.

Sialagogues are medicines which increase the flow of the saliva.

Stimulants are medicines capable of exciting the vital energy, whether
as exerted in sensation or motion.

Tonics are those medicines which increase the tone or healthy action,
or strength of the living system.

RULES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH.

Pure atmospheric air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and a very small
proportion of carbonic acid gas. Air once breathed has lost the chief
part of its oxygen, and acquired a proportionate increase of carbonic
acid gas. Therefore, health requires that we breathe the same air once
only.

The solid part of our bodies is continually wasting and requires to be
repaired by fresh substances. Therefore, food, which is to repair the
loss, should be taken with due regard to the exercise and waste of the
body.

The fluid part of our bodies also wastes constantly; there is but one
fluid in animals, which is water. Therefore, water only is necessary,
and no artifice can produce a better drink.

The fluid of our bodies is to the