remained virtually
master of the island. England's failure entailed no real loss. She
acknowledged the neutrality of San Domingo, and Toussaint opened its
ports to her commerce and prevented France from using them for
privateering purposes.

FOOTNOTES:

[281] Desbriere, _Projets de Debarquement_, i., 387-90.

[282] Gordon, _Hist. of the Rebellion_, pp. 166-67, 378-80; Lecky,
_Hist._, viii., 103.

[283] Gordon, _u.s._, p. 140.

[284] Lecky, _Hist._, viii., 286.

[285] Desbriere, _Projets de Debarquement_, ii., 40-42.

[286] Desbriere, _Projets de Debarquement_, ii., 120-21.

[287] Desbriere, _Projets de Debarquement_, ii., 182.

[288] Mahan, _Influence of Sea Power on the French Revolution_, i.,
257-71.

[289] Rose, _Life of Napoleon_, i., 201.

[290] Grenville to Whitworth, Oct. 3 and 5, 1798, MS. Russia, R.O.

[291] Garden, _Histoire des Traites_, vi., 147.

[292] Grenville to Whitworth, Oct. 23, 1798, MS. Russia, R.O.

[293] Same to same, Nov. 16, 1798, MS. Russia, R.O.

[294] Eden to Grenville, Nov. 16 and 24, 1798, MS. Austria, R.O.

[295] Eden to Grenville, Nov. 8 and 10, 1798, MS. Austria, R.O.

[296] Grenville to Whitworth, Nov. 23, 1798, MS. Russia, R.O.

[297] Grenville to Eden, Dec. 22, 1798, and Jan. 25, 1799, MS. Austria,
R.O.

[298] Garden, _Histoire des Traites_, vi., 147-51.

[299] Grenville to Whitworth, March 15, 1799, MS. Russia, R.O.; _Ann.
Register_, xli. (1799), 211.

[300] Eden to Grenville, Jan. 11 and Feb. 7, 1799, MS. Austria, R.O.

CHAPTER XX.

ISOLATION IN EUROPE AND THE IRISH UNION.

During the earlier part of the war of the second coalition in 1799 the
allies gained a series of victories. In Germany Jourdan was defeated by
the Archduke Charles in the country between the Lake of Constance and
the Danube, and the French withdrew across the Rhine. In Italy they were
repulsed by the Austrians, retreated across the Mincio and, on April 12,
fell back behind the Adda. Then a Russian army joined the Austrians, and
Suvorov, the captor of Ismail, took command of the allied forces. He
conquered Lombardy at the battle of Cassano on the 27th-29th. Moreau
retreated behind the Ticino, and called on Macdonald to bring his army
from Naples to help him. Suvorov's blows fell in quick succession; he
advanced into Piedmont, cut Moreau off from communication with Massena,
who was operating in Switzerland, and invited Charles Ema