OF FUR-TRADE:

1. Furs gathered by Indians in winter.

2. Conveyed to forts in summer, after incredible difficulties.

3. Ceremonies on arrival of Indians at forts.

4. Articles exchanged for furs at first showy and worthless, but
later more useful and valuable, for example, guns, hatchets,
powder, shot, blankets, etc.

III. RIVALS OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY:

1. Coureurs-de-bois.

2. Scottish traders--ranged from Michilimackinac to Saskatchewan.
H.B. Co. built Cumberland House on Saskatchewan to compete for
interior trade.

3. North-West Company, 1783-4--at first friendly to H.B. Co., but
later bitter enemies.

IV. THE SELKIRK SETTLEMENT:

1. _Establishment._--Lord Selkirk, a Scottish philanthropist, and a
shareholder in the Hudson's Bay Co., purchased from the Company
70,000 square miles of land around Red River for Scotch colonies,
1811. About three hundred settlers came within three years. Miles
Macdonell at head of the colony.

2. _Trouble with North-West Company._--

(_a_) Suspicion of N.W. Co. that colony was established by H.B. Co.
to compete for fur trade.

(_b_) Proclamation of Macdonell that food should not be taken out
of settlement. Attack on colony by Metis Indians encouraged by N.W.
Co. Withdrawal of colonists to Lake Winnipeg.

(_c_) Return with reinforcements under Semple. Skirmish at Seven
Oaks, 1816. Semple with twenty others killed.

(_d_) Selkirk's descent upon Fort William. Arrest of several
Nor'Westers. Colony at Red River restored.

(_e_) Nor'Westers acquitted of murder of Semple. Selkirk convicted
and heavily fined for acts of violence. Selkirk withdrew from
Canada in disappointment and disgust.

3. _Later Progress._--

(_a_) Hardships of pioneer life like those of Ontario.

(_b_) A series of disasters--grasshoppers, floods.

(_c_) Prosperity finally came.

(_d_) Government at first administered by governor of H.B. Co.,
later assisted by Council of fourteen members.

V. AMALGAMATION OF RIVAL COMPANIES:

1. _Union._--

After withdrawal of Selkirk, the H.B. Co. and the N.W. Co. united
in 1821, under name of former.

2. _Subsequent Progress._--

(_a_) Governor Sir George Simpson extended posts westward to
Pacific.

(_b_) Through his energy Britain was ab