beyond them it means a relation to the
State and the National government which they did not. It means not
merely a broad basis for the general government in the people, that the
people are the reason and remote source of governing power, but that
they are themselves the governors. Every man who enters a New England
town-house and casts his vote knows that that expression of his will is
a force which reaches, or may reach, the Legislature of his State, the
governor in his chair, the National Congress, and the President in the
White House at Washington. He feels an interest therefore, and a
responsibility which the voter in no other land in the world feels, and
the town-house is an education to him in the art of self-government
which no other country affords, and because of it the town is an
institution teaching how to maintain government, local, state, and
general, and so bases that government in self-interest and beneficial
experience, that it is a pledge of security and perpetuity as regards
socialism, communism, and as it would seem every other revolutionary
influence from within. It is in strong contrast with the commune of
France. France is divided for the purposes of local government into
departments; departments into arrondissements; and arrondissements into
communes, the commune being the administrative unit. The department is
governed by a prefet and a conseil-general, the prefet being appointed
by the central government and directly under its control, and the
conseil-general an elective body. The arrondissement is presided over by
a sous-prefet and an elective council. The commune is governed by a
maire and a conseil-municipal.

The conseil-municipal is an elective body, but its duties "consist in
assisting and to some extent controlling the maire, and in the
management of the communal affairs," but the maire is appointed by the
central government and is liable to suspension by the prefet.

The relation of the citizen to the general government in France is
therefore totally different from that of the citizen of the United
States to his general government, and the town organization is a school
of free citizenship which the commune is not, and so far republican
institutions in America have a guaranty which in France they have not.

* * * * *

BUNKER HILL.

BY HENRY B. CARRINGTON, U.S.A., LL.D.

Author of The Battles of the American Revolution.

[(a) The occupation of