a proof of how he was taught.
Dante as a student of nature.
Ruskin's opinion.
Trobridge's suggestions.
Dante's early education.
Azarias and Kropotkin on the public schools of Florence and Nuremberg.
Kuhns on Dante's science.
Optics.
Astronomy.
Humboldt's praise of Dante's scientific knowledge.
Dante the observer, phosphorescence, flies, bees and ants.
Dante knew more science than any modern poet.
His contribution to the science of education.

THE CHURCH AND THE MENTALLY AFFLICTED. 363

Disease and supernatural agency.
Denial of disease.
Scientists and spiritualism.
Reaction in recent years.
Anticipations in psychiatry.
Supposed evolution of treatment of the mentally diseased.
Medieval care of the insane.
Psychopathic wards in hospitals.
The open door treatment.
After-care of the insane.
The colony system.
Religious suggestion and cure--ancient and modern.
Prayer and mental disease.
Care of the insane at Gheel.
Neglect {xii} of insane not exclusively medieval.
Milder measures quite modern.
Spiritual agencies in life.
Alfred Russell Wallace, Sir William Crookes, Sir Oliver Lodge,
Prof. Charles Richet, Lombroso.

APPENDIX I.

OPPOSITION TO SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. 390

The Popes as patrons of scientific education.
Swift on genius and assinine opposition.
Allston on truth in unusual form.
"Nonsense" and "absurd" on scientists' tongues.
Jordan on human conservatism.
Galileo's letter to Kepler, on "logic" and science.
Huxley on Galileo.
De Morgan on other cases.
Dogmatism and folly.
Persecution of scientists.
Harvey, Vesalius, Servetus, Steno.
Not confined to old times, Jenner, Auenbrugger, Laennec,
Thomas Young, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Semmelweiss.
Opposition in other sciences.
Ohm.
Young men and discoveries.
Pasteur and rabies.
Our universities and economics.
Conservatism still active.
The lesson.

APPENDIX II.

LATIN TEXT OF PAPAL BULLS AND DECREES. 413

_De Sepulturis._
_De Crimine Falsi._
_Super Illius specula._
Bulls for erection of Universities of Perugia and Cahors.

APPENDIX III. 419

Emperor Frederick's Law Regulating the Practice of Medicine (1231)

APPENDIX IV.

CHURCH DECREES RELATING TO MEDICINE.