elations with Aidan, 48;
is murdered, _ib._

Oswiu unites North-humberland, 48;
defeats Penda, _ib._;
decides for Wilfrid against Colman, 50.

Otho, Cardinal, legate of Gregory IX., 194.

Otto I., Emperor, 63.

Otto IV., Emperor, supports John, 179;
defeated at Bouvines, 181.

Over-lordship, character of, 38.

Oxford, growth of the University of, 167;
the so-called Mad Parliament meets at, 198;
thronged with scholars, 207.

Oxford, Earl of (Robert de Vere), made Duke of Ireland, 278;
_see_ Ireland, Duke of.

Palaeolithic man, 1.

Pandulf receives John's submission, 180.

Papacy, influence of, in the time of Gregory I., 39;
strength of, in the eleventh century, 88;
its position in the time of Gregory VII., 107;
in the time of Innocent III., 178;
Babylonian captivity of, 257;
England relieved of tribute to, 258;
great schism of, 266.

Paris, the capital of Hugh Capet's duchy, 80;
rising against the Armagnacs in, 304;
Henry VI. crowned at, 312;
lost to the English, 313.

Parliament (_see_ Great Council, the), germ of representation in, 180;
first use of the name of, 195;
scheme of administrative reform proposed in, _ib._;
knights of the shire elected to, 196;
relations between the clergy and the barons, 197;
insists on the Provisions of Oxford, 197;
representatives of towns admitted by Earl Simon to, 201;
growth of, under Edward I., 210, 218;
Scottish representatives in, 222;
acknowledgment of the legislative power of the Commons in, 228;
finally separated into two Houses, 244;
opposition to the clergy in, 259;
Richard II. invites complaints in, 280.

Paston, John, attacked by Lord Molynes, 321;
domestic life of, 330.

Patay, battle of, 311.

Patrick, St., introduces Christianity into Ireland, 47.

Paulinus effects conversions in Deira, 46.

Peasants' Revolt, the, 268.

Pedro the Cruel, 255.

Pembroke, Earl of, _see_ William the Marshal.

Penda defeats Eadwine at Heathfield, 46;
splits up North-humberland, 47;
is defeated and slain, 48.

Penitential system, the, introduced by Theodore, 50.

Percies, the, territorial influence of, 293.

Percy, Henry (Hotspur), 293, 294.

Perpendicular style, the, 247.

Perrers, Alice, 260, 262.

Peter des Roches influences Henry III., 188;
is dismissed, 189.

Pe