, as is
almost all the drudgery of the people of the Upper Nile.]

[Footnote 50: On my return from Sennaar, I descended by the river as far
as Berber. On the way I did see some few water-wheels, which, however,
were employed merely to water the patches of ground devoted to raising
vegetables.]

[Footnote 51: The Pasha had invited the Malek of Shendi and the Malek of
Halfya to accompany him to Sennaar. The Malek of Halfya excused himself
on account of his age and infirmities, but sent his eldest son along
with the Pasha. By this stroke of policy the Pasha made the tranquility
of the powerful provinces of Shendi and Halfya certain; and the advance
of his army without risk from an insurrection in his rear; as the people
of those provinces would hardly dare to make any hostile movement while
the chief of one province and the heir of the Malek of the other were in
our camp. Nymmer, the Malek of Shendi, is a grave and venerable man
of about 65 years of age, very dignified in his deportment, and highly
respectable for his morals. The Malek of Halfya I have not seen.]

[Footnote 52: The present Sultan of Sennaar is a young man of about 26
years of age; he is black, his mother having been a Egress. He was taken
out of prison, where he had been confined for eighteen years by his
predecessor, who was massacred by the party who placed him upon the
throne. This revolution had taken place not very long before our march
to Sennaar. His name is Bady.]

[Footnote 53: The natives told me that this palace had been built
eighteen years ago, by the late good Sultan that they had had, who
had planted before it rows of trees, which had been destroyed when
the palace was ruined, as I understood them, in the wars between the
different competitors for the throne during the last eighteen years.]

[Footnote 54: The river Nile lost its transparency four days before the
army reached Sennaar. The day that presents the river troubled, marks
the commencement of its augmentation. The day before we observed this
change in the Nile, its waters were very clear and transparent. The day
after, they were brown with mud.]

[Footnote 55: Sennaar has three market-places. On our arrival we found
them deserted, but on assurances from the Pasha that all sellers should
receive a fair price for their commodities, the principal one in a few
days began to be filled. The articles I saw there during my stay in
Sennaar, were as follows: Meat of camels, kine, sheep,