gs should be carried to a point which might be as
prejudicial to his service as past action had been serviceable to it."
The Jesuits remained in France, and their college at Clermont was not
closed; but they published no more pamphlets against the cardinal. They
even defended him at need.

Richelieu's grand quarrel with the clergy was nearing its end when the
climax was reached of a disagreement with the court of Rome, dating from
some time back. The pope had never forgiven the cardinal for not having
accepted his mediation in the affair with Spain on the subject of the
Valteline; he would not accede to the desire which Richelieu manifested
to become legate of the Holy See in France, as Cardinal d'Amboise had
been; and when Marshal d'Estrees arrived as ambassador at Rome, his
resolute behavior brought the misunderstanding to a head: the pope
refused the customary funeral honors to Cardinal La Valette, who had died
in battle, without dispensation, at the head of the king's army in
Piedmont. Richelieu preserved appearances no longer; the king refused
to receive the pope's nuncio, and prohibited the bishops from any
communication with him. The quarrel was envenomed by a pamphlet called
_Optatus Gallus_. The cardinal's enemies represented him as a new Luther
ready to excite a schism and found a patriarchate in France. Father
Rabardeau, of the Jesuits' order, maintained, in reply, that the act
would not be schismatical, and that the consent of Rome would be no more
necessary to create a patriarchate in France than it had been to
establish those of Constantinople and Jerusalem.

Urban VIII. took fright; he sent to France Julius Mazarin, at that time
vice-legate, and already frequently employed in the negotiations between
the court of Rome and Cardinal Richelieu, who had taken a great fancy to
him. The French clergy had just obtained authority to vote the subsidy
in an assembly; and the pope contented himself with this feeble
concession. Mazarin put the finishing touch to the reconciliation, and
received as recompense the cardinal's hat. In fact, the victory of the
civil power was complete, and the independence of the crown clearly
established. "His Holiness," said the cardinal, "ought to commend the
zeal shown by his Majesty for the welfare of the church, and to remain
satisfied with the respect shown him by an appeal to his authority which
his Majesty might have dispensed with in this matter, having his
Parliament