le 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish
territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the
treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or
disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the
treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south
and reserves high seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers
have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may
inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice
of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel
must be given; Article 8 - allows for jurisdiction over observers
and scientists by their own states; Article 9 - frequent
consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 -
treaty states will discourage activities by any country in
Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11 - disputes to
be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by
the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14 - deal with upholding, interpreting,
and amending the treaty among involved nations; other agreements -
some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and
ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for Fauna and
Flora (1964) which were later incorporated into the Environmental
Protocol; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972);
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
(1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but remains
unratified; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the
Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into force 14
January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of the
Antarctic environment through five specific annexes: 1)
environmental impact assessment, 2) conservation of Antarctic fauna
and flora, 3) waste disposal and waste management, 4) prevention of
marine pollution, and 5) area protection and management; it
prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except
scientific research; a permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was
established in 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Antigua and Barbuda
constitutional monarchy with UK-style parliament

Argentina
republic

Armenia
republic

Aruba
parliamentary democracy

Australia
democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British
monarch as sovereign

Austria
federal republi