es of the work receive the greatest emphasis: (_a_)
acquisition of facts, (_b_) mental training, (_c_) moral training,
(_d_) arousing interest in independent historical study, (_e_)
development of patriotism and public spirit, or (_f_) power of judging
men? Do you approve of this distribution of emphasis?

31. Which of the following aims should the teaching of history in the
high school emphasize, viz., (_a_) giving to youths the knowledge and
power for the right interpretation of the civilizations of the past,
(_b_) assisting youths to an understanding of the development and
significance of present-day civilizations and aiding them to adjust
themselves to these civilizations; (_c_) giving a perspective from
which to pre-view, in part, the trend of the future and to plan one's
career accordingly?

32. From your observations do the teachers stress the events, or the
motives, the ideals, and the ideas that gave rise to the events? What
would be your aim here?

33. Of what does thinking consist?

34. Are pupils in the classes observed expected to think for
themselves? Are they encouraged to express their personal reactions to
the facts presented?

35. What guiding principle should a high school teacher or textbook
writer set for himself in selecting from the infinite mass of data
recorded the material to be used in the high school, (_a_) that which
reveals the development of personal liberty--political, religious,
economic; (_b_) that which reveals the development of democratic
institutions; (_c_) that which reveals the growth of altruism or the
humanitarian spirit; (_d_) that which reveals the development of
commerce, industry, and finance; (_e_) that which reveals the
development of thought and the institutions that aim to develop and
train it; or (_f_) that which reveals the development of social
relations and activities?

VIII. _Elements of History._

1. Time Element: The when, or chronology.

(_a_) Units of measurement: day, month, year, decade, century,
administration, sovereignty, ministry, epoch, era, and the unit
determined by the movement of the events themselves as they
naturally cohere.

(_b_) Dates as agencies for assigning definite position in time.

2. Place Element: The where, or geography.

(_a_) Units of location: continent, nation, empire, kingdom, state,
section, region, district, town, city, county, and the geographical
groups or centers formed by the even