auto_.

_e_ in _eh_, _en_, as in _yet_, _lens_.

_ei_. Nearly _ey_ in _grey_, but more as in Italian _lei_, _contei_.

_e_. The vowel-sound in _lurk_.

_ei_. The foregoing _e_ followed enclitically by _y_. _Money_ without
the _n_ = _mei_.

_erh._ The _urr_ in _purr_.

_i_. As a single or final syllable the vowel-sound in _ease_, _tree_;
in _ih_, _in_, _ing_, as in _chick_, _thing_.

_ia_ generally as in the Italian _Maria_.

_iai_. The _iai_ in the Italian _vecchiaia_.

_iao_ as in _ia_ and _ao_, with the terminal peculiarity of the latter.

_ie_ as in the Italian _siesta_.

_io_. The French _io_ in _pioche_.

_iu_ as a final, longer than the English _ew_. In _liu, niu_, almost
_leyew, neyew_. In _chiung, hsiung, iung_, is _eeyong_ (_o_ in _roll_).

_o._ Between vowel-sound in _awe_ and that in _roll_.

_ou._ Really _eo_; _ou_ in _round_.

_ue._ The vowel-sound in the French _tu, eut_.

_uea._ Only in _uean_, which in some tones is _ueen_. The _u_ as above;
the _an_ as in _antic_.

_uee_. The vowel-sounds in the French _tu es_.

_ueo_. A disputed sound, used, if at all, interchangeably with _io_
in certain syllables.

_u_. The _oo_ in _too_; in _un_ and _ung_ as in the Italian _punto_.

_ua_. Nearly _ooa_, in many instances contracting to _wa_.

_uai_ as in the Italian _guai_.

_uei._ The vowel-sounds in the French _jouer_.

_ue._ Only in final _uen_ = _u-un_; frequently _wen_ or _wun_.

_ui._ The vowel-sounds in _screwy_; in some tones _uei_.

_uo._ The Italian _uo_ in _fuori_; often _wo_, and at times nearly
_oo_.

_u._ Between the _i_ in _bit_ and the _u_ in _shut_.

_Consonants_

_ch_ as in _chair_; but before _ih_ softened to _dj_.

_ch'_. A strong breathing. _Mu_ch-ha_rm_ without the italicized
letters = _ch'a_.

_f_ as in farm.

_h_ as _ch_ in Scotch _loch_.

_hs_. A slight aspirate preceding and modifying the sibilant, which is,
however, the stronger of the two consonants; _e.g. hsing_ = _hissing_
without the first _i_,

_j_. Nearly the French _j_ in _jaune_; the English _s_ in _fusion_.

_k_. _c_ in _car_, _k_ in _king_; but when following other sounds
often softened to _g_ in _go, gate_.

_k'_. The aspirate as in _ch'_. _Ki_ck-ha_rd_ without the italicized
letters = _k'a_; and _ki_ck-he_r_ == _k'e_.

_l_ as in English.

_m_ as in English.

_n_ as in English.

_ng_. The italicized letters in the French mo_n ga_lant = _nga_;
mo_n gai_l