cting the treaty of March 30, 1856, No. 76, pp.
44, 45, c. 245.

227 The tripartite treaty of England, France, Austria, of April 15,
1856.

M114 The London Conference

228 Russell to Lord Granville, c. 245, No. 78, p. 46.

229 Sorel's _Guerre Franco-Allemande_, ii. chap. 4.

230 That this failure to take advantage of the conference was an error
on the part of France is admitted by modern French historians.
Hanotaux, _France Contemporaine_, i. p. 108; Sorel, ii. pp. 216-7.
Lord Granville had himself pointed out how a discussion upon the
terms of peace might have been raised.

M115 Changes In English Opinion

_ 231 Lord Stanley on the Luxemburg Guarantee, June 14, 1867._--The
guarantee now given is collective only. That is an important
distinction. It means this, that in the event of a violation of
neutrality, all the powers who have signed the treaty may be called
upon for their collective action. No one of those powers is liable
to be called upon to act singly or separately. It is a case so to
speak of "limited liability." We are bound in honour--you cannot put
a legal construction upon it--to see in concert with others that
these arrangements are maintained. But if the other powers join with
us, it is certain that there will be no violation of neutrality. If
they, situated exactly as we are, decline to join, we are not bound
single-handed to make up the deficiencies of the rest.

232 The number of men was reduced from 49,000 in 1868 to 20,941 in 1870;
at the same time the military expenditure on the colonies was
reduced from L3,388,023 to L1,905,538.

_ 233 Reign of Queen Victoria_, edited by T. H. Ward (1887), i. p. 211.

M116 Army Reform

_ 234 Hansard_, Feb. 21 and March 23, 1871.

M117 Purchase And Royal Warrant

235 At the end of the volume, the reader will find some interesting
remarks by Mr. Gladstone on these points. See Appendix.

M118 Freeman's Judgment

_ 236 Memorials, Personal and Political_, vol. i. pp. 193, 194.

237 E. A. Freeman, in _Pall Mall Gazette_, February 12, 1874.

_ 238 Representative Government_, chap. x.

M119 The Ballot

239 The reader may remember his stripling letters--vol. i. p. 99.

M120 The Ballot Passed

240 In the House of Lords only 48 peers voted for the bill against 97.
Many of the whigs abstained.