by nearly
all of their co-workers before and during the war, their anger and
humiliation at seeing the former slaves, whom they had helped to free,
made their political superiors and endowed with a personal
representation in Government which women had been pilloried for
asking--all this is graphically told in Vol. II of the History of
Woman Suffrage, Chaps. XVII and XXI. The story with many personal
touches is also related in the Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony,
Chaps. XV and XVI.

The Fourteenth Amendment was declared adopted July 28, 1868,[4] and
the women felt that the ground had been swept from beneath their feet,
as now the barriers opposed to their enfranchisement by all the State
constitutions had been doubly and trebly strengthened by sanction of
the National Constitution. The first ray of encouragement came in
October, 1869, when, at a State woman suffrage convention held in St.
Louis, Mo., Francis Minor, a leading attorney of that city, declared
that this very Fourteenth Amendment in enfranchising colored men had
performed a like service for all women. His argument was embodied
concisely in the following resolutions, which were adopted by that
convention with great enthusiasm, and by the National Association at
its annual convention in Washington, D. C., the next January:

WHEREAS, All persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
United States and of the State wherein they reside; therefore be
it

_Resolved_, 1. That the immunities and privileges of American
citizenship, however defined, are national in character and
paramount to all State authority.

2. That while the Constitution of the United States leaves the
qualification of electors to the several States, it nowhere gives
them the right to _deprive_ any citizen of the elective franchise
which is possessed by any other citizen--to _regulate_ not
including the right to _prohibit_.

3. That, as the Constitution of the United States expressly
declares that no State shall make or enforce any laws that shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
States, those provisions of the several State constitutions which
exclude women from the franchise on account of sex are violative
alike of the spirit and letter of the Federal Constitution.

4. That, as the subject of _natur