had been
placed on a level of machine development by the efforts of Horrocks
and others. Not until after 1841 was an equilibrium reached in the
development of the leading processes. So likewise each notable advance
in the machinery for the main processes has had the effect of bringing
an increase of inventive energy to bear upon the minor and the
subsidiary processes--bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc. Even now the
early process of "ginning" has not been brought fully into line in
spite of the prodigious efforts, made especially in the United States,
to overcome the difficulties involved in this preparatory stage of the
cotton industry.

The following schedule will serve to show the relation of the growth
of the cotton industry as measured by consumption of raw cotton to the
leading improvements of machinery.

Cotton Imported. Inventions &c.
lbs.
1730 1,545,472 1730 Wyatt's roller-spinning (patented
1738).
1738 Kay's fly-shuttle.
1741 1,645,031 1748 Paul's carding-machine (useless until
improved by Lees, Arkwright,
Wood, 1772-74).
1764 3,870,392 1764 Hargreave's spinning-jenny (patented
1770), for weft only.
1764 Calico-printing introduced into
Lancashire.
1768 Arkwright perfects Wyatt's
spinning-frame (patented 1769),
liberating cotton from dependence on
linen warp.
1771 }
to } 4,764,589 1771 Arkwright's mill built at Cromford.
1775 }
1775 Arkwright takes patents for carding,
drawing, roving, spinning.
1779 Crompton's mule completed (combining
jenny and water-frame, producing finer
and more even yarn).
1781 5,198,775

1785 18,400,384 1785 Cartwright's power-loom.
Watt and Boulton's first engine for
cotton-mills.
1792 34,907,497 1792 Whitney's saw-gin.
1813 51,000,000 1813 Horrocks' dressing-machine.
1830 261,200,000 1830 The "Throstle" (almost excl