one; I would have every good citizen
forswear intolerance in religion.

After having laid down the true principles of political rights, and
sought to place the state upon its proper basis, it should remain to
support it by its external relations--international law, commerce, and
so on. But this forms a new aim too vast for my limited view; I have had
to fix my eyes on objects nearer at hand.

ADAM SMITH

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith, greatest of discoverers in the science of Political
Economy, was born at Kirkcaldy, Scotland, on June 5, 1723, after
the death of his father, who had been Comptroller of Customs at
that port. He was educated at Kirkcaldy Grammar School, then at
Glasgow University, and finally at Balliol College, Oxford, where
he studied for seven years. From 1748 he resided in Edinburgh,
where he made a close friendship with David Hume, and gave a course
of lectures on literature; in 1751 he became professor of Logic in
Glasgow University, and in the following year professor of Moral
Philosophy. A philosophical treatise entitled "A Theory of Moral
Sentiments," published in 1759, has no longer any interest; but it
was during his thirteen years' residence in Glasgow that Smith
arrived at the principles formulated in his immortal "Inquiry into
the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations." He left Glasgow in
1763 to become the tutor of the youthful Duke of Buccleuch, with
whom he lived at Toulouse, Geneva and Paris, studying the politics
and economics of France on the eve of the Revolution. In 1766 Adam
Smith retired to Kirkcaldy, with an annuity from the Buccleuch
family; devoted himself to his life's work; and in 1776 published
the "Wealth of Nations," which at once achieved a permanent
reputation. The author was appointed, in 1778, Commissioner of
Customs for Scotland, and died on July 17, 1790. Adam Smith was a
man of vast learning and of great simplicity and kindliness of
character. His reasonings have had vast influence not only on the
science of Economics but also on practical politics; his powerful
defence of free trade, and his indictment of the East India Company
have especially modified the history of his country.

_I.--Labour and Its Produce_

The division of labour has been the chief cause of improvement in the
productiveness of labour. For instan