f disapprobation, groans of horror, groans of remorse. And extreme joy
and fear are alike accompanied by shrill outcries.

Nearly allied to the subject of pitch, is that of _intervals_; and the
explanation of them carries our argument a step further. While calm
speech is comparatively monotonous, emotion makes use of fifths,
octaves, and even wider intervals. Listen to any one narrating or
repeating something in which he has no interest, and his voice will not
wander more than two or three notes above or below his medium note, and
that by small steps; but when he comes to some exciting event he will be
heard not only to use the higher and lower notes of his register, but to
go from one to the other by larger leaps. Being unable in print to
imitate these traits of feeling, we feel some difficulty in fully
realising them to the reader. But we may suggest a few remembrances
which will perhaps call to mind a sufficiency of others. If two men
living in the same place, and frequently seeing one another, meet, say
at a public assembly, any phrase with which one may be heard to accost
the other--as "Hallo, are you here?"--will have an ordinary intonation.
But if one of them, after long absence, has unexpectedly returned, the
expression of surprise with which his friend may greet him--"Hallo! how
came you here?"--will be uttered in much more strongly contrasted tones.
The two syllables of the word "Hallo" will be, the one much higher and
the other much lower than before; and the rest of the sentence will
similarly ascend and descend by longer steps.

Again, if, supposing her to be in an adjoining room, the mistress of the
house calls "Mary," the two syllables of the name will be spoken in an
ascending interval of a third. If Mary does not reply, the call will be
repeated probably in a descending fifth; implying the slightest shade of
annoyance at Mary's inattention. Should Mary still make no answer, the
increasing annoyance will show itself by the use of a descending octave
on the next repetition of the call. And supposing the silence to
continue, the lady, if not of a very even temper, will show her
irritation at Mary's seemingly intentional negligence by finally calling
her in tones still more widely contrasted--the first syllable being
higher and the last lower than before.

Now, these and analogous facts, which the reader will readily
accumulate, clearly conform to the law laid down. For to make large
intervals requires mo