gs together appropriately; the situation, motion, and
expression of the figures; their shapes, and lights, and shadows,
according. A perfect outline is of most consequence, and can only be
acquired by study. Next to this, the situation, colour, and quantity of
shadows; these being infinite, may be variously managed. At the same
time, it requires much more observation and study to _shade_ a picture,
than to merely draw the lines of it. No fixed rule can be given for
this; but, after having got the outline free and flowing, endeavour, by
various trials, on other bits of paper, to leave the _masses_ of shadow
and light _broad_, so as to convey an appearance of _space_ and extent.
In the infinite gradations of shade, and the blending of them, nature
has no determined law.

Objects out of doors, which receive the general light of the sky, and
where the surrounding air gives light on _all_ sides, will look
altogether different from the same objects drawn and shaded in a room,
which would give dark shadows where in nature there are none. (_Plate 3,
fig. 2._)

Without shadows, the forms of things would be unrevealed.

At different times of the day, objects will give shadows quite different
in size and form, corresponding with the course of the sun. The
difference of your own shadow exemplifies this, as well as the variation
of the shadows in your room.

Direct your attention to the difference of the shadows thrown by
candle-light; this luminary being _smaller_ than the object placed
against it, would make a figure, cut from a card, two or three inches
high, give a shadow on the wall the size of life.

Place any object in the sun, and turn it round to the north, south,
east, and west, at different periods; and, observing the difference of
shapes in the shadows, will be found excellent practice.

Placed in certain directions, the form of every thing may be inferred
from its shadow.

The shadow of a person arriving, on an open door, will, if the sun is
behind him, distinguish to the inmate the comer's identity.

Shadow is most articulate and defined when the light is brightest, by
reason of the _contrast_ formed by the light; and will always, under
these circumstances, appear much stronger than it is; though it is not
so strong, in reality, as shadow in cloudy weather, from its being more
equalized with the light. Shadow is only, more or less, by _comparison_
with the brightness of the light. This is best explained by mak