(15) Shand, A. F. "Character and the Emotions," _Mind._, n. s., V
(1896), 203-26.

(16) ----. "M. Ribot's Theory of the Passions," _Mind._, n. s., XVI
(1907), 477-505.

(17) ----. _The Foundations of Character._ Being a study of the
tendencies of the emotions and sentiments. Chaps. iv-v, "The Systems of
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(18) Thomas, W. I., and Znaniecki, F. _The Polish Peasant in Europe and
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TOPICS FOR WRITTEN THEMES

1. The Concept of Forces in the Natural Sciences.

2. Historical Interpretation and Social Forces.

3. The Concept of Social Forces in Recent Studies of the Local
Community.

4. Institutions as Social Forces: The Church, the Press, the School,
etc.

5. Institutions as Organizations of Social Forces: Analysis of a Typical
Institution, Its Organization, Dominant Personalities, etc.

6. Persons as Social Forces: Analysis of the Motives determining the
Behavior of a Dominant Personality in a Typical Social Group.

7. Group Opinion as a Social Force.

8. Tendencies, Trends, and the Spirit of the Age.

9. History of the Concepts of Attitudes, Sentiments, and Wishes as
Defined in Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Sociology.

10. Attitudes as the Organizations of Wishes.

11. The Freudian Wish.

12. Personal and Social Disorganization from the Standpoint of the Four
Wishes.

13. The Law of the Four Wishes: All the Wishes Must Be Realized. A Wish
of One Type, Recognition, Is Not a Substitute for a Wish of Another
Type, Response.

14. The Dominant Wish: Its Role in the Organization of the Person and of
the Group.

15. Typical Attitudes: Familism, Individualism, "Oppressed Nationality
Psychosis," Race Prejudice.

16. The Mutability of the Sentiment-Attitude: Love and Hate, Self-esteem
and Humility, etc.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Make a list of the outstanding social forces affecting social life in
a community which you know. What is the value of such an analysis?

2. How does Simons use the term "social forces" in analyzing the course
of events in American history?

3. In what sense do you understand Ely to use the term "social forces"?

4. Would there be, in your opinion, a social tendency without conflict
with other tendencies?

5. How far is it correct to predict from present tendencies what the
future will be?

6. What do you understand by _Zeitgeist_, "trend of the times," "spirit
of the age"?

7. What do