e traces of misery and sorrow the wars had brought.[44]

[Footnote 44: The same remarks apply to the wars fought during
Mohammad's lifetime but before his public mission.]

23. Here I will give a brief sketch of the internecine wars which took
place among the various Arab tribes during the time of Mohammad.

*Wars during Mohammad's Lifetime, between the Arabian Tribes in the North
and Centre of Arabia.*

_Before his mission_, 570-610, A.D.

(1.) The battle of Rahrahan between Bani Aamir bin Saasaa and Bani Tamim
in Najd, 578, A.D.

(2.) The Bani Abs on the side of Bani Aamir and Bani Zobian on the side
of Tamim, 579, A.D., at _Sheb Jabala_.

(3.) Sacrilegious war at Tayif called Harb fi-jar, 580-590, A.D.

(4.) Several battles between Bani Bakr and Tamim in 604, A.D. and the
following years.

_During his mission._

(A)--_While at Mecca, 610-622, A.D._

(1.) The war of Dahis between Bani Abs and Zobian, the branches of
Ghatafan in Central Arabia; lasted forty years, 568 to 609, A.D.

(2.) The battle of Zu-kar between the Bani Bakr and the Persians in the
Kingdom of Hira, 611, A.D.

(3.) The Bani Kinda and Bani Haris attacked Bath Tamim when they had
retired to Kulab in the confines of Yemen and repulsed them.

(4.) The Bani Aws and Khazraj of Medina were at war. The battle of Boas
was fought in 615, A.D. The Bani Aws were assisted by two tribes of
Ghassan, by Mozeima and the Jewish tribes Nazeer and Koreiza. The Bani
Khazraj were supported by Joheina, Ashja and the Jews of Kainuka.

(B)--_While at Medina_, 622 to 632, _A.D._

(1.) The standing warfare between the Bani Hawazin and the Bani Abs,
Zobian, and Ashja of Ghatafan was kept up by assassinations and petty
engagements till they become converts to Islam.

(2.) The Koreish fought two battles of Badr and Ohad against the Moslems
at Medina in 624 and 625, A.D., respectively.

(3.) Several clans of the great Ghatafan family (the Bani Murra, Ashja
and Fezara) the Bani Suleim and Sad, a branch of Hawazin, and Bani Asad
from Najd Bedouin tribes, and Bani Koreiza the Jews, had besieged Medina
in 627, A.D., in confederation with the Koreish.

(4.) Bani Tamim and Bani Bakr renewed their hostilities, and from 615 to
630, A.D., several battles occurred between them. The last battle was
that of Shaitain in 630, A.D.

In this year, after the battle, both the tribes were converted to
Islam.

(5.) The Bani Ghaus and Jadila branches of Bani Tay in the nor