ston again
succeeds as prime minister, holding position during remainder of life.
Henry Hallam, historian and essayist; Leigh Hunt, poet, essayist, and
critic; Brunel and Stephenson, civil engineers; De Quincy, essayist; and
Lord Macaulay, historian, essayist, and poet, died. Publication of
Darwin's "Origin of Species."

In Spain, war is declared and waged successfully against Morocco for
attacking Spanish possessions on northern coast of Africa (see 1860).
Death of Ludwig Spohr, German musician. In Africa, Livingstone explores
Lake Nyassa. In Mexico, General Miramon defeats the Liberal party of
Juarez and assumes presidency. Miramon government borrows large sums in
France. Juarez declares confiscation of church property. In China, during
a river engagement between English and Chinese, the American Commodore
Tatnall assists the English, declaring that "blood is thicker than water."

Severe earthquakes at Quito, Ecuador, and at Erzeroum, Asia Minor.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1860

In the United States, the year opens with great apprehension and tension,
owing to approaching Presidential nominations, campaign, and election. The
Prince of Wales, aged nineteen (afterward King Edward VII), visits the
United States. Central Park, in New York City, opened to the public. The
Great Eastern reaches New York on her maiden voyage.

Democratic convention in Charlestown develops irreconcilable conflict in
party; pro-slavery platform rejected; Southern delegations secede; regular
convention convenes in Baltimore, and after further secessions from ranks
nominates Stephen A. Douglas for Presidency. The seceding groups of
Democrats nominate John C. Breckinridge; the Constitutional Union
party--avoiding discussion of slavery and standing simply for preservation
of Union under the Constitution--meets at Baltimore, and nominates John
Bell. The Republican party convention at Chicago, while disavowing
intention to interfere with institutions in any State, renounces "new
dogma" in the Dred Scott decision, and demands immediate admission of
Kansas as a free State and the adoption of a protective tariff; Abraham
Lincoln, of Illinois, nominated on third ballot over William H. Seward and
Salmon P. Chase.

Election in November, with four Presidential candidates in the field;
every Northern State is carried by the Republicans except New Jersey, from
which, however, they gain four out of seven electoral votes. Douglas
se