tion of transcontinental railway lines. The Union
Pacific, authorized in 1860, was already building; the Northern Pacific
and the Southern Pacific were already dreams in various pioneer minds.
The great thing was to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific by steel,
to bind up the territorially perfected and newly solidified Union, or
to enter upon some vast project of mining, of which gold and silver were
the most important. Actually railway-building was the most significant
of all, and railroad stocks were far and away the most valuable and
important on every exchange in America. Here in Philadelphia, New York
Central, Rock Island, Wabash, Central Pacific, St. Paul, Hannibal & St.
Joseph, Union Pacific, and Ohio & Mississippi were freely traded in.
There were men who were getting rich and famous out of handling these
things; and such towering figures as Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jay Gould,
Daniel Drew, James Fish, and others in the East, and Fair, Crocker, W.
R. Hearst, and Collis P. Huntington, in the West, were already raising
their heads like vast mountains in connection with these enterprises.
Among those who dreamed most ardently on this score was Jay Cooke, who
without the wolfish cunning of a Gould or the practical knowledge of a
Vanderbilt, was ambitious to thread the northern reaches of America with
a band of steel which should be a permanent memorial to his name.

The project which fascinated him most was one that related to the
development of the territory then lying almost unexplored between the
extreme western shore of Lake Superior, where Duluth now stands,
and that portion of the Pacific Ocean into which the Columbia River
empties--the extreme northern one-third of the United States. Here, if a
railroad were built, would spring up great cities and prosperous towns.
There were, it was suspected, mines of various metals in the region of
the Rockies which this railroad would traverse, and untold wealth to be
reaped from the fertile corn and wheat lands. Products brought only so
far east as Duluth could then be shipped to the Atlantic, via the Great
Lakes and the Erie Canal, at a greatly reduced cost. It was a vision of
empire, not unlike the Panama Canal project of the same period, and one
that bade fair apparently to be as useful to humanity. It had aroused
the interest and enthusiasm of Cooke. Because of the fact that the
government had made a grant of vast areas of land on either side of the
proposed track to th