laws of Nature and social conventions, she scarcely
knows if nakedness should or should not affright her. A sort of
confused atavistic memory recalls to her a period before clothing
was known, and reveals to her as a paradisaical ideal the customs
of that human epoch." (Celine Renooz, _Psychologie Comparee de
l'Homme et de la Femme_, p. 85.) It may be added that among
primitive peoples, and even among some remote European
populations to-day, the exhibition of feminine nudity has
sometimes been regarded as a spectacle with religious or magic
operation. (Ploss, _Das Weib_, seventh edition, vol. ii, pp.
663-680; Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p.
304.) It is stated by Gopcevic that in the long struggle between
the Albanians and the Montenegrians the women of the former
people would stand in the front rank and expose themselves by
raising their skirts, believing that they would thus insure
victory. As, however, they were shot down, and as, moreover,
victory usually fell to the Montenegrians, this custom became
discredited. (Quoted by Bloch, _Op. cit._, Teil II, p. 307.)

With regard to the association, suggested by Stanley Hall,
between exhibitionism and an unusual degree of development of the
sexual organs, it must be remarked that both extremes--a very
large and a very small penis--are specially common in
exhibitionists. The prevalence of the small organ is due to an
association of exhibitionism with sexual feebleness. The
prevalence of the large organ may be due to the cause suggested
by Hall. Among Mahommedans the sexual organs are sometimes
habitually exposed by religious penitents, and I note that
Bernhard Stern, in his book on the medical and sexual aspects of
life in Turkey, referring to a penitent of this sort whom he saw
on the Stamboul bridge at Constantinople, remarks that the organ
was very largely developed. It may well be in such a case that
the penitent's religious attitude is reinforced by some lingering
relic of a more fleshly ostentation.

It is by a pseudo-atavism that this phallicism is evoked in the
exhibitionist. There is no true emergence of an ancestrally inherited
instinct, but by the paralysis or inhibition of the finer and higher
feelings current in civilization, the exhibitionist is placed on the same
mental level as the man of a more primitive age, a