------ = ----------- = 12,653 units in carbon.
5 100

34,662 x 9 62,391 x 5 3,119 units in hydrogen.
---------- = ---------- = ------
5 100 15,772 units in coal.

15,772 x 772[2] = 12,175,984 foot pounds of energy is occluded in the
static caloric contained in one pound of such coal.

[Footnote 2: Dr. Joule--foot pounds in one unit.]

A horse-power is estimated as capable of raising 33,000 pounds one
foot high per minute, and for this reason it is termed 33,000 foot
pounds per minute. So we have 33,000 x 60 = 1,980,000 foot pounds per
hour, as a horse-power.

The best class of _compound condensing_ engines,[3] with all the
modern improvements, require 1.828 pounds of coal per 1 h.p. per hour.
Thus we have--

12,175,984 x 1.828 .................22,257,699
Foot pounds in one h.p. .............1,980,000
----------
Foot pounds lost per h.p. ..........20,277,699

Per cent utilized per h.p. ..............8.94
Per cent lost per h.p. .................91.06
------
100.00

[Footnote 3: "American Engineer," Vol. II., No. 10, page 182.]

In the ordinary practice of stationary non-condensing engines, from
three to four pounds of coal are required per horse-power per hour.
Now, taking the best of this class at 3 pounds, we have--

12,175,984 x 3 = 36,527,952
One h.p. 1,980,000
----------
Loss per h.p. 34,547,952

Per cent utilized per h.p. 5.42
Per cent lost per h.p. 94.58
------
100.00

From these facts it may be assumed that after making due allowance for
variable qualities of the coal, the steam engine process, as at
present practiced, will not utilize more than from 5 to 10 per cent.
of the energy contained in the fuel used. It will thus be seen that
the process of converting static to dynamic caloric by luminous
combustion, by means of the steam engine, is an exceedingly wasteful
and costly method, and leaves much room for economy.

Taking an ordinary grade of petroleum as consisting of 13 per cent.
hydrogen, 78 carbon, 6 oxygen, 3 nitrogen and ash, we have as its
energy in foot pounds per pound of oil--

62,391 x 13 }
----------- = 8,110 H. }